Insulin secretion from β cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans controls metabolic homeostasis and is impaired in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Increases in blood glucose trigger insulin release by closing ATP-sensitive K+ channels, depolarizing β cells, and opening voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels to elicit insulin exocytosis. However, one or more additional pathway(s) amplify the secretory response, likely at the distal exocytotic site. The mitochondrial export of isocitrate and engagement with cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDc) may be one key pathway, but the mechanism linking this to insulin secretion and its role in T2D have not been defined. Here, we show that the ICDc-dependent generation of NADPH and subsequent glutathione (GSH) reduction contribute to the amplification of insulin exocytosis via sentrin/SUMO-specific protease-1 (SENP1). In human T2D and an in vitro model of human islet dysfunction, the glucose-dependent amplification of exocytosis was impaired and could be rescued by introduction of signaling intermediates from this pathway. Moreover, islet-specific
Mourad Ferdaoussi, Xiaoqing Dai, Mette V. Jensen, Runsheng Wang, Brett S. Peterson, Chao Huang, Olga Ilkayeva, Nancy Smith, Nathanael Miller, Catherine Hajmrle, Aliya F. Spigelman, Robert C. Wright, Gregory Plummer, Kunimasa Suzuki, James P. Mackay, Martijn van de Bunt, Anna L. Gloyn, Terence E. Ryan, Lisa D. Norquay, M. Julia Brosnan, Jeff K. Trimmer, Timothy P. Rolph, Richard G. Kibbey, Jocelyn E. Manning Fox, William F. Colmers, Orian S. Shirihai, P. Darrell Neufer, Edward T.H. Yeh, Christopher B. Newgard, Patrick E. MacDonald
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