Pneumonia is an illness, usually caused by infection, in which the lungs become inflamed and congested, reducing oxygen exchange and leading to cough and breathlessness. It affects individuals of all ages but occurs most frequently in children and the elderly. Among children, pneumonia is the most common cause of death worldwide. Historically, in developed countries, deaths from pneumonia have been reduced by improvements in living conditions, air quality, and nutrition. In the developing world today, many deaths from pneumonia are also preventable by immunization or access to simple, effective treatments. However, as we highlight here, there are critical gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of pneumonia that, if filled, could accelerate the control of pneumonia and reduce early childhood mortality.
J. Anthony G. Scott, W. Abdullah Brooks, J.S. Malik Peiris, Douglas Holtzman, E. Kim Mulholland
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Pneumonia classification: A limited data approach for global understanding
Haque AU, Ghani S, Saeed M, Schloer H |
Heliyon | 2024 |
A Review on Risk Factors, Traditional Diagnostic Techniques, and Biomarkers for Pneumonia Prognostication and Management in Diabetic Patients
Anwar S, Alhumaydhi FA, Rahmani AH, Kumar V, Alrumaihi F |
Diseases | 2024 |
RSV infection in children hospitalised with severe lower respiratory tract infection in a low-middle-income setting: A cross-sectional observational study.
Morgan N, Buys H, Muloiwa R |
PloS one | 2023 |
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Sun Y, Chen Y, Li X, Liao Y, Chen X, Song Y, Liang X, Dai Y, Chen D, Ning G |
BMC medical imaging | 2023 |
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Journal of Global Health | 2022 |
Years of life lost to COVID-19 in 20 countries
Williams G, Spencer A, Farragher T, Gittins M, Verma A |
Journal of Global Health | 2022 |
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Gupta A, Sheth P, Xie P |
Scientific Reports | 2022 |
Predictors for the duration of breastfeeding among ethiopia women of childbearing age with babies; application of accelerate failure time and parametric shared frailty models.
Mulugeta G, Tesfaye D, Tegegne AS |
BMC Nutrition | 2022 |
Etiology and Clinical Characteristics of Severe Pneumonia Among Young Children in Thailand: Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Case-Control Study Findings, 2012-2013.
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The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal | 2021 |
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Mardian Y, Menur Naysilla A, Lokida D, Farida H, Aman AT, Karyana M, Lukman N, Kosasih H, Kline A, Lau CY |
Frontiers in Pediatrics | 2021 |
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PloS one | 2021 |
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Clinical Microbiology and Infection | 2021 |
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N Brown, A Rizvi, S Kerai, MI Nisar, N Rahman, B Baloch, F Jehan |
BMJ Open | 2020 |
Cascaded deep learning classifiers for computer-aided diagnosis of COVID-19 and pneumonia diseases in X-ray scans
Karar ME, Hemdan EE, Shouman MA |
2020 | |
Introducing a New Algorithm for Classification of Etiology in Studies on Pediatric Pneumonia: Protocol for the Trial of Respiratory Infections in Children for Enhanced Diagnostics Study
SA Rhedin, A Eklundh, M Ryd-Rinder, P Naucler, A Mårtensson, J Gantelius, I Zenk, H Andersson-Svahn, S Nybond, R Rasti, M Lindh, M Andersson, V Peltola, M Waris, T Alfvén |
JMIR Research Protocols | 2019 |
Investigating Pneumonia Etiology Among Refugees and the Lebanese population (PEARL): A study protocol
Kesteman T, Ghassani A, Hajjar C, Picot V, Osman M, Alnajjar Z, Komurian-Pradel F, Messaoudi M, Pouzol S, Soulaiman HG, Vanhems P, Ramilo O, Karam-Sarkis D, Najjar-Pellet J, Hamze M, Endtz H |
2019 | |
Epidemiology, microbiology, and treatment patterns of pediatric patients hospitalized with pneumonia at two hospitals in China: a patient chart review study
Z Wen, J Wei, H Xue, Y Chen, D Melnick, J Gonzalez, J Hackett, X Li, Z Cao |
Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management | 2018 |
Impact of viral upper respiratory tract infection on the concentration of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage among Kenyan children
SC Morpeth, P Munywoki, LL Hammitt, A Bett, C Bottomley, CO Onyango, DR Murdoch, DJ Nokes, JA Scott |
Scientific Reports | 2018 |
Structural and functional studies of Spr1654: an essential aminotransferase in teichoic acid biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae
X Han, R Sun, T Sandalova, A Achour |
Open Biology | 2018 |
Who interacts with whom? Social mixing insights from a rural population in India
S Kumar, M Gosain, H Sharma, E Swetts, R Amarchand, R Kumar, KE Lafond, FS Dawood, S Jain, MA Widdowson, JM Read, A Krishnan, EH Lau |
PloS one | 2018 |
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Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
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The Lancet Infectious Diseases | 2018 |
How Should Oxygen Supplementation Be Guided by Pulse Oximetry in Children: Do We Know the Level?
R Langley, S Cunningham |
Frontiers in Pediatrics | 2017 |
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PloS one | 2017 |
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DE Park, HC Baggett, SR Howie, Q Shi, NL Watson, WA Brooks, MD Knoll, LL Hammitt, KL Kotloff, OS Levine, SA Madhi, DR Murdoch, KL OBrien, JA Scott, DM Thea, D Ahmed, M Antonio, VL Baillie, AN DeLuca, AJ Driscoll, W Fu, CW Gitahi, E Olutunde, MM Higdon, L Hossain, RA Karron, AA Maiga, SA Maloney, DP Moore, SC Morpeth, J Mwaba, M Mwenechanya, C Prosperi, M Sylla, S Thamthitiwat, SL Zeger, DR Feikin |
Clinical Infectious Diseases | 2017 |
Introduction to the Epidemiologic Considerations, Analytic Methods, and Foundational Results From the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health Study
KL OBrien, HC Baggett, WA Brooks, DR Feikin, LL Hammitt, SR Howie, MD Knoll, KL Kotloff, OS Levine, SA Madhi, DR Murdoch, JA Scott, DM Thea, SL Zeger |
Clinical Infectious Diseases | 2017 |
Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
C Troeger, M Forouzanfar, PC Rao, I Khalil, A Brown, S Swartz, N Fullman, J Mosser, RL Thompson, RC Reiner, A Abajobir, N Alam, MA Alemayohu, AT Amare, CA Antonio, H Asayesh, E Avokpaho, A Barac, MA Beshir, DJ Boneya, M Brauer, L Dandona, R Dandona, JR Fitchett, TT Gebrehiwot, GB Hailu, PJ Hotez, A Kasaeian, T Khoja, N Kissoon, L Knibbs, GA Kumar, RK Rai, HM el Razek, MS Mohammed, K Nielson, E Oren, A Osman, G Patton, M Qorbani, HS Roba, B Sartorius, M Savic, M Shigematsu, B Sykes, S Swaminathan, R Topor-Madry, K Ukwaja, A Werdecker, N Yonemoto, ME Zaki, SS Lim, M Naghavi, T Vos, SI Hay, CJ Murray, AH Mokdad |
The Lancet Infectious Diseases | 2017 |
Tying malaria and microRNAs: from the biology to future diagnostic perspectives
M Rubio, Q Bassat, X Estivill, A Mayor |
Malaria Journal | 2016 |
Child pneumonia – focus on the Western Pacific Region
TK Nguyen, TH Tran, CL Roberts, SM Graham, BJ Marais |
Paediatric Respiratory Reviews | 2016 |
Decline in Child Hospitalization and Mortality After the Introduction of the 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugative Vaccine in Rwanda
J Rurangwa, N Rujeni |
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene | 2016 |
超声心输出量监护仪在重症肺炎患儿心功能评价中的应用
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2016 | |
Severe acute respiratory infection in children in a densely populated urban slum in Kenya, 2007–2011
RF Breiman, L Cosmas, MK Njenga, J Williamson, JA Mott, MA Katz, DD Erdman, E Schneider, MS Oberste, JC Neatherlin, H Njuguna, DM Ondari, K Odero, GO Okoth, B Olack, N Wamola, JM Montgomery, BS Fields, DR Feikin |
BMC Infectious Diseases | 2015 |
Structural and Enzymatic Characterization of the Choline Kinase LicA from Streptococcus pneumoniae
L Wang, YL Jiang, JR Zhang, CZ Zhou, Y Chen, YH Song |
PloS one | 2015 |
Incidence and Risk Factors of Childhood Pneumonia-Like Episodes in Biliran Island, Philippines—A Community-Based Study
H Kosai, R Tamaki, M Saito, K Tohma, PP Alday, AG Tan, MT Inobaya, A Suzuki, T Kamigaki, S Lupisan, V Tallo, H Oshitani, D Fernandez-Reyes |
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T Shi, K McLean, H Campbell, H Nair |
Journal of Global Health | 2015 |
Distribution and transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lineages among children in peri-urban Kampala, Uganda
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BMC Pediatrics | 2015 |
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F Muro, R Reyburn, H Reyburn |
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Pleural innate response activator B cells protect against pneumonia via a GM-CSF-IgM axis
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Tropical Medicine and Health | 2014 |
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The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal | 2013 |
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Iroh Tam PY |
Pediatric Clinics of North America | 2013 |
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The Indian Journal of Pediatrics | 2013 |
The Role of Postmortem Studies in Pneumonia Etiology Research
GD Turner, C Bunthi, CB Wonodi, SC Morpeth, CS Molyneux, SR Zaki, OS Levine, DR Murdoch, JA Scott |
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The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health Project: A 21st Century Childhood Pneumonia Etiology Study
OS Levine, KL O'Brien, M Deloria-Knoll, DR Murdoch, DR Feikin, AN DeLuca, AJ Driscoll, HC Baggett, WA Brooks, SR Howie, KL Kotloff, SA Madhi, SA Maloney, S Sow, DM Thea, JA Scott |
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Etiology and Seasonality of Viral Respiratory Infections in Rural Honduran Children:
EP Schlaudecker, JP Heck, ET MacIntyre, R Martinez, CN Dodd, MM McNeal, MA Staat, JE Heck, MC Steinhoff |
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Barsam FJ, Borges GS, Severino AB, de Mello LM, da Silva AS, Nunes AA |
European Journal of Pediatrics | 2012 |
Lower respiratory infections among hospitalized children in New Caledonia: a pilot study for the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health project.
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Childhood asthma in low income countries: an invisible killer?
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2012 | |
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TG Kloosterman, OP Kuipers |
The Journal of biological chemistry | 2011 |
The anti-inflammatory and proresolving mediator resolvin E1 protects mice from bacterial pneumonia and acute lung injury
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Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) | 2010 |
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A Bellos, K Mulholland, KL O'Brien, SA Qazi, M Gayer, F Checchi |
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A Saini, K Harjai, S Chhibber |
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | 2010 |
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Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses | 2010 |
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ZC Chroneos, Z Sever-Chroneos, VL Shepherd |
Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology | 2009 |
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SM Graham, M English |
Lancet | 2009 |
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P Ayieko, AO Akumu, UK Griffiths, M English |
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Crystallization of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from a clinical isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae
NE Sibarani, MA Gorman, C Dogovski, MW Parker, MA Perugini |
Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications | 2009 |
Impaired Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Its Effect on Colonization in an Infant Mouse Model
D Bogaert, D Weinberger, C Thompson, M Lipsitch, R Malley |
Infection and immunity | 2009 |
Recommendations for treatment of childhood non-severe pneumonia
Grant GB, Campbell H, Dowell SF, Graham SM, Klugman KP, Mulholland EK, Steinhoff M, Weber MW, Qazi S |
The Lancet Infectious Diseases | 2009 |
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Carol A. Dahl, Tadataka Yamada |
Journal of Clinical Investigation | 2008 |
Paediatric tuberculosis
SM Newton, AJ Brent, S Anderson, E Whittaker, B Kampmann |
The Lancet Infectious Diseases | 2008 |
The global epidemiology of childhood pneumonia 20 years on
JA Scott |
Bulletin of the World Health Organization | 2008 |