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ATR senses stiff extracellular matrix to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and immune suppression
Xinyi Tu, Xiangyu Zeng, Yaoliang Sun, Yaobin Ouyang, Lingling Zhu, Ping Yin, Kevin Pavelko, Roberto Leon-Ferre, Yanxia Jiang, Haidong Dong, Jodi Carter, Shouhai Zhu, Jann N. Sarkaria, Liewei Wang, Jinzhou Huang, Kuntian Luo, Yiqun Han, Zheming Wu, Zhenkun Lou, Robert W. Mutter
Xinyi Tu, Xiangyu Zeng, Yaoliang Sun, Yaobin Ouyang, Lingling Zhu, Ping Yin, Kevin Pavelko, Roberto Leon-Ferre, Yanxia Jiang, Haidong Dong, Jodi Carter, Shouhai Zhu, Jann N. Sarkaria, Liewei Wang, Jinzhou Huang, Kuntian Luo, Yiqun Han, Zheming Wu, Zhenkun Lou, Robert W. Mutter
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Research Article Cell biology Immunology Oncology

ATR senses stiff extracellular matrix to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and immune suppression

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Abstract

Our research uncovers a role for ATR in responding to ECM stiffness and promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. ATR, when deubiquitinated and upregulated by USP21 under enhanced ECM stiffness conditions, phosphorylates the nuclear protein SUN2, which promotes β-catenin nuclear translocation and EMT. ATM-mediated EMT promotes polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment and inhibits CD103+ dendritic cells, fostering an immunosuppressive tumor milieu. ATR inhibition disrupts this malignant cascade by promoting mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition to enhance antitumor immunity and mitigate metastases. Consistently, circulating HLA-DR+ dendritic cells were also enhanced following treatment with the ATR inhibitor berzosertib in patients with therapeutically resistant early-stage breast cancer. Our data suggest that ATR-targeted therapy may be optimized by considering both DNA damage–dependent and EMT-inducing effects of ATR

Authors

Xinyi Tu, Xiangyu Zeng, Yaoliang Sun, Yaobin Ouyang, Lingling Zhu, Ping Yin, Kevin Pavelko, Roberto Leon-Ferre, Yanxia Jiang, Haidong Dong, Jodi Carter, Shouhai Zhu, Jann N. Sarkaria, Liewei Wang, Jinzhou Huang, Kuntian Luo, Yiqun Han, Zheming Wu, Zhenkun Lou, Robert W. Mutter

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Figure 4

ATR promotes ECM stiffness–induced EMT.

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ATR promotes ECM stiffness–induced EMT.
(A) ATR knockdown decreases N-ca...
(A) ATR knockdown decreases N-cadherin and increases E-cadherin levels. Lentivirus encoding control or shATR was used to infect MDA-MB-231 cells, and the cells were seeded in 6-well plates with different stiffnesses. E- and N-cadherin levels were then assessed. (B) Statistical analysis of the Western blot results in A was performed using 2-way ANOVA (n = 3). (C) MDA-MB-436 cells were infected with lentivirus encoding either control or shATR, and cells were seeded in 6-well plates and analyzed for E- and N-cadherin expression. (D) Statistical analysis of the Western blot results in C performed using 2-way ANOVA (n = 3). (E) ATR inhibition decreases N-cadherin and increases E-cadherin expression. MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with DMSO or VX970 (80 nM) and seeded on substrates of varying stiffness, after which E- and N-cadherin levels were assessed. (F) Statistical analysis of the Western blot results in E performed using 2-way ANOVA (n = 3). (G) MDA-MB-436 cells were treated with DMSO or VX970 (80 nM), seeded on substrates of varying stiffness, and subsequently harvested for analysis of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression. (H) Statistical analysis of the Western blot results in G by 2-way ANOVA (n = 3). All statistical data represent biological replicates, and results are expressed as mean ± SD. Western blot and co-IP experiments were independently repeated at least 3 times with similar results.

Copyright © 2026 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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