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PIM3-mediated phosphorylation stabilizes myeloid leukemia factor 2 to promote metastasis in osteosarcoma
Cuiling Zeng, Xin Wang, Jinkun Zhong, Yu Zhang, Ju Deng, Wenqiang Liu, Weixuan Chen, Xinhao Yu, Dian Lin, Ruhua Zhang, Shang Wang, Jianpei Lao, Qi Zhao, Li Zhong, Tiebang Kang, Dan Liao
Cuiling Zeng, Xin Wang, Jinkun Zhong, Yu Zhang, Ju Deng, Wenqiang Liu, Weixuan Chen, Xinhao Yu, Dian Lin, Ruhua Zhang, Shang Wang, Jianpei Lao, Qi Zhao, Li Zhong, Tiebang Kang, Dan Liao
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Research Article Cell biology Oncology

PIM3-mediated phosphorylation stabilizes myeloid leukemia factor 2 to promote metastasis in osteosarcoma

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Abstract

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone cancer, characterized by a high incidence of lung metastasis and a lack of therapeutic targets. Here, by combining an in vivo CRISPR activation screen with the interactome of STUB1, a tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma, we identified that myeloid leukemia factor 2 (MLF2) promotes osteosarcoma metastasis. Mechanistically, MLF2 disrupted the interaction between BiP and IRE1α, thereby activating the IRE1α/XBP1-S-MMP9 axis. The E3 ligase STUB1 ubiquitinated MLF2 at Lys119 and targeted it for proteasomal degradation, whereas PIM3-mediated phosphorylation of MLF2 at Ser65 enhanced its stabilizing interaction with USP21. Our findings demonstrate that the PIM3/MLF2 axis is a critical regulator of osteosarcoma lung metastasis. We propose PIM3 as a potential therapeutic target for patients with osteosarcoma lung metastasis.

Authors

Cuiling Zeng, Xin Wang, Jinkun Zhong, Yu Zhang, Ju Deng, Wenqiang Liu, Weixuan Chen, Xinhao Yu, Dian Lin, Ruhua Zhang, Shang Wang, Jianpei Lao, Qi Zhao, Li Zhong, Tiebang Kang, Dan Liao

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Figure 5

PIM3 stabilizes MLF2 by phosphorylating MLF2 at S65.

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PIM3 stabilizes MLF2 by phosphorylating MLF2 at S65.
(A) Schematic of ML...
(A) Schematic of MLF2 ProSRSA. (B) Top 10 candidate genes of MAGeCK analysis. (C and D) Western blotting analysis and quantification of MLF2 and PIM3 protein levels in U2OS and 143B stable cells. (E) 143B cells were subjected to co-IP using anti-PIM3 or anti-IgG to detect endogenous MLF2. (F, I, and K) HEK293T cells were cotransfected with the indicated plasmids for 48 hours and then subjected to IP assay. (G and H) HEK293T cells transfected with MLF2-SFB or S65A-SFB for 36 hours were incubated with 40 μg/mL cycloheximide (CHX) for the indicated periods and then subjected to Western blotting. Quantification of MLF2 protein levels was based on the Western blotting results. (J) Purified MLF2-SFB WT or S65A mutant protein were incubated with or without purified V5-PIM3 protein in vitro as described in the methods and then analyzed by Western blotting. (L) HEK293T cells cotransfected with MLF2-SFB and V5-PIM3 for 24 hours were incubated with PIM447 (10 μM) for another 24 hours and then subjected to IP assay. (M) Quantification analyses of migration and invasion assays using MLF2 WT or S65A knock-in 143B cells. (N) The procedure for in vivo orthotopic model of osteosarcoma metastasis and representative bioluminescence images of mice. (O) Quantification analyses of lung metastasis (n = 6). (P and Q) Western blotting analysis and quantification of MLF2 and PIM3 protein levels in human osteosarcoma tissues. N, normal; T, tumor. (R) The correlation between MLF2 and PIM3 protein levels is shown. The coefficient of correlation and P value were calculated using nonparametric Spearman’s test. Data in C, E–G, and I–L are representative of 3 independent experiments. Data in D, H, and M are presented as mean ± SD; n = 3 biologically independent experiments. P values were calculated using 1-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test (D) and 2-tailed Student’s t test (H, M, O, and Q). NC, negative control; sh, short hairpin; sr, steradian; RRA, robust rank aggregation.

Copyright © 2026 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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