Abstract
Immunotherapy has been effective in many cancer types but has failed in multiple clinical trials in prostate cancers, with the underlying mechanisms remaining largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI) plus irradiation (IR) triggered robust anticancer immunity in prostate cancers in both patients and mice. We show that androgen-activated AR suppressed innate immune signaling by inducing inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon (IKBKE) gene repression through HDAC2 interaction with an IKBKE enhancer RNA (IKBKE eRNA, or IKBKE-e). ARPI treatment caused IKBKE derepression and enhanced an IR-induced innate immune response via action of RIG-I and MDA5 dsRNA sensors. IKBKE-e ablation largely enhanced innate immunity in prostate cancer cells in culture and anticancer immunity in mice. Our results revealed AR, HDAC2, and IKBKE eRNA as critical intrinsic immune suppressors in prostate cancer cells, suggesting that rejuvenating inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon (IKKε) signaling by targeting IKBKE-e is an actionable strategy to elicit synthetic anticancer immunity in immunologically “cold” cancers such as prostate cancer.
Authors
Xiang Li, Rui Sun, Hao Li, Jacob J. Orme, Xu Zhang, Yu Hou, Sean S. Park, Yu Zhang, Yi He, Liguo Wang, Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo, Josep Domingo-Domenech, Shancheng Ren, Dan Xia, Guanghou Fu, Zhankui Jia, Haojie Huang
Figure 8
A hypothetical model.
Copyright © 2026 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)