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The emergence of Lyme disease
Allen C. Steere, … , Jenifer Coburn, Lisa Glickstein
Allen C. Steere, … , Jenifer Coburn, Lisa Glickstein
Published April 15, 2004
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2004;113(8):1093-1101. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI21681.
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The emergence of Lyme disease

Abstract

Since its identification nearly 30 years ago, Lyme disease has continued to spread, and there have been increasing numbers of cases in the northeastern and north central US. The Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, causes infection by migration through tissues, adhesion to host cells, and evasion of immune clearance. Both innate and adaptive immune responses, especially macrophage- and antibody-mediated killing, are required for optimal control of the infection and spirochetal eradication. Ecological conditions favorable to the disease, and the challenge of prevention, predict that Lyme disease will be a continuing public health concern.

Authors

Allen C. Steere, Jenifer Coburn, Lisa Glickstein

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Suppression of Long-Lived Humoral Immunity Following Borrelia burgdorferi Infection.
Elsner RA, Hastey CJ, Olsen KJ, Baumgarth N 		PLoS pathogens 2015
Mutations in the Borrelia burgdorferi Flagellar Type III Secretion System Genes fliH and fliI Profoundly Affect Spirochete Flagellar Assembly, Morphology, Motility, Structure, and Cell Division.
Lin T, Gao L, Zhao X, Liu J, Norris SJ 		mBio 2015
Evolution and population genomics of the Lyme borreliosis pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi.
Seifert SN, Khatchikian CE, Zhou W, Brisson D 		Trends in genetics : TIG 2015
A Coding Variant of ANO10, Affecting Volume Regulation of Macrophages, Is Associated with Borrelia Seropositivity.
Hammer C, Wanitchakool P, Sirianant L, Papiol S, Monnheimer M, Faria D, Ousingsawat J, Schramek N, Schmitt C, Margos G, Michel A, Kraiczy P, Pawlita M, Schreiber R, Schulz TF, Fingerle V, Tumani H, Ehrenreich H, Kunzelmann K 		Molecular Medicine 2015
Glycosaminoglycan binding by Borrelia burgdorferi adhesin BBK32 specifically and uniquely promotes joint colonization.
Lin YP, Chen Q, Ritchie JA, Dufour NP, Fischer JR, Coburn J, Leong JM 		Cellular Microbiology 2015
The Cross-Talk between Spirochetal Lipoproteins and Immunity
T Kelesidis 		Frontiers in immunology 2014
Strain-Specific Variation of the Decorin-Binding Adhesin DbpA Influences the Tissue Tropism of the Lyme Disease Spirochete
YP Lin, V Benoit, X Yang, R Martínez-Herranz, U Pal, JM Leong 		PLoS pathogens 2014
Identification of Lysine Residues in the Borrelia burgdorferi DbpA Adhesin Required for Murine Infection
DE Fortune, YP Lin, RK Deka, AM Groshong, BP Moore, KE Hagman, JM Leong, DR Tomchick, JS Blevins 		Infection and immunity 2014
Borrelia burgdorferi RNA Induces Type I and III Interferons via Toll-Like Receptor 7 and Contributes to Production of NF- B-Dependent Cytokines
AC Love, I Schwartz, MM Petzke 		Infection and immunity 2014
Transposon mutagenesis as an approach to improved understanding of Borrelia pathogenesis and biology
T Lin, EB Troy, LT Hu, L Gao, SJ Norris 		Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2014
Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by Borrelia burgdorferi in human immune cells correlates with pathogenic potential
AC Love, I Schwartz, MM Petzke 		Journal of leukocyte biology 2014
Stage-specific global alterations in the transcriptomes of Lyme disease spirochetes during tick feeding and following mammalian host adaptation: Transcriptomes of Lyme disease spirochetes
R Iyer, MJ Caimano, A Luthra, D Axline, A Corona, DA Iacobas, JD Radolf, I Schwartz 		Molecular Microbiology 2014
Borrelia burgdorferi Arthritis-Associated Locus Bbaa1 Regulates Lyme Arthritis and K/BxN Serum Transfer Arthritis through Intrinsic Control of Type I IFN Production
Y Ma, KK Bramwell, RB Lochhead, JK Paquette, JF Zachary, JH Weis, C Teuscher, JJ Weis 		Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2014
CD4 + T Cells Promote Antibody Production but Not Sustained Affinity Maturation during Borrelia burgdorferi Infection
RA Elsner, CJ Hastey, N Baumgarth, S Ehrt 		Infection and immunity 2014
DhhP, a Cyclic di-AMP Phosphodiesterase of Borrelia burgdorferi, Is Essential for Cell Growth and Virulence
M Ye, JJ Zhang, X Fang, GB Lawlis, B Troxell, Y Zhou, M Gomelsky, Y Lou, XF Yang 		Infection and immunity 2014
pncA and bptA Are Not Sufficient To Complement Ixodes scapularis Colonization and Persistence by Borrelia burgdorferi in a Linear Plasmid lp25-Deficient Background
RD Gilmore, KS Brandt, JA Hyde 		Infection and immunity 2014
Bacterial Heterogeneity Is a Requirement for Host Superinfection by the Lyme Disease Spirochete
Rogovskyy AS, Bankhead T 		Infection and immunity 2014
Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept
Cantas L, Suer K 		Frontiers in public health 2014
BB0238, a Presumed Tetratricopeptide Repeat-Containing Protein, Is Required during Borrelia burgdorferi Mammalian Infection
Groshong AM, Fortune DE, Moore BP, Spencer HJ, Skinner RA, Bellamy WT, Blevins JS 		Infection and immunity 2014
Construction and Characterization of a Borrelia burgdorferi Strain with Conditional Expression of the Essential Telomere Resolvase, ResT
Bandy NJ, Salman-Dilgimen A, Chaconas G 		Journal of bacteriology 2014
The role of eicosanoids in experimental Lyme arthritis
Pratt CL, Brown CR 		Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2014
Spatiotemporal Evolution of Erythema Migrans, the Hallmark Rash of Lyme Disease
Vig DK, Wolgemuth CW 		Biophysical Journal 2014
Clinical Features of 705 Borrelia burgdorferi Seropositive Patients in an Endemic Area of Northern Italy
Stinco G, Ruscio M, Bergamo S, Trotter D, Patrone P 		The Scientific World JOURNAL 2014
Lyme disease prevention and control - the way forward.
Beard CB 		Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada 2014
vls Antigenic Variation Systems of Lyme Disease Borrelia: Eluding Host Immunity through both Random, Segmental Gene Conversion and Framework Heterogeneity.
Norris SJ 		Microbiology spectrum 2014
BB0323 and novel virulence determinant BB0238: Borrelia burgdorferi proteins that interact with and stabilize each other and are critical for infectivity.
Kariu T, Sharma K, Singh P, Smith AA, Backstedt B, Buyuktanir O, Pal U 		The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2014
Borrelia burgdorferi and tick proteins supporting pathogen persistence in the vector
F Kung, J Anguita, U Pal 		Future Microbiology 2013
The lipoprotein La7 contributes to Borrelia burgdorferi persistence in ticks and their transmission to naïve hosts
X Yang, S Hegde, DY Shroder, AA Smith, K Promnares, G Neelakanta, JF Anderson, E Fikrig, U Pal 		Microbes and Infection 2013
Variable VlsE is critical for host reinfection by the Lyme disease spirochete
AS Rogovskyy, T Bankhead 		PloS one 2013
Cyclic Di-GMP Receptor PlzA Controls Virulence Gene Expression through RpoS in Borrelia burgdorferi
M He, JJ Zhang, M Ye, Y Lou, XF Yang, AJ Bäumler 		Infection and immunity 2013
Interaction of the tick immune system with transmitted pathogens
O Hajdušek, R Síma, N Ayllón, M Jalovecká, J Perner, J la Fuente, P Kopáček 		Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2013
Motility Is Crucial for the Infectious Life Cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi
SZ Sultan, A Manne, PE Stewart, A Bestor, PA Rosa, NW Charon, MA Motaleb, A Camilli 		Infection and immunity 2013
Elevated Levels of IL-23 in a Subset of Patients With Post-Lyme Disease Symptoms Following Erythema Migrans
K Strle, D Stupica, EE Drouin, AC Steere, F Strle 		Clinical Infectious Diseases 2013
Novel Microbial Virulence Factor Triggers Murine Lyme Arthritis
X Yang, J Qin, K Promnares, T Kariu, JF Anderson, U Pal 		The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2013
An Enhanced ELISPOT Assay for Sensitive Detection of Antigen-Specific T Cell Responses to Borrelia burgdorferi
C Jin, DR Roen, PV Lehmann, GH Kellermann 		Cells 2013
Influence of arthritis-related protein (BBF01) on infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi B31
D Imai, K Holden, EM Velazquez, S Feng, E Hodzic, SW Barthold 		BMC Microbiology 2013
Versatile Roles of CspA Orthologs in Complement Inactivation of Serum-Resistant Lyme Disease Spirochetes
C Hammerschmidt, A Koenigs, C Siegel, T Hallström, C Skerka, R Wallich, PF Zipfel, P Kraiczy, AJ Bäumler 		Infection and immunity 2013
Structural Modeling and Physicochemical Characterization Provide Evidence that P66 Forms a  -Barrel in the Borrelia burgdorferi Outer Membrane
MR Kenedy, A Luthra, A Anand, JP Dunn, JD Radolf, DR Akins 		Journal of bacteriology 2013
Dynamics of connective-tissue localization during chronic Borrelia burgdorferi infection
Imai DM, Feng S, Hodzic E, Barthold SW 		Laboratory Investigation 2013
The telomere resolvase of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, promotes DNA single-strand annealing and strand exchange
Mir T, Huang SH, Kobryn K 		Nucleic Acids Research 2013
Lipidomic profiling of bioactive lipids by mass spectrometry during microbial infections
Tam VC 		Seminars in Immunology 2013
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Inhibits Borrelia burgdorferi-Induced IL-17 Production and Attenuates IL-17-Mediated Lyme Arthritis
Hansen ES, Medić V, Kuo J, Warner TF, Schell RF, Nardelli DT 		Infection and immunity 2013
Inter- and intra-specific pan-genomes of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: genome stability and adaptive radiation
Mongodin EF, Casjens SR, Bruno JF, Xu Y, Drabek EF, Riley DR, Cantarel BL, Pagan PE, Hernandez YA, Vargas LC, Dunn JJ, Schutzer SE, Fraser CM, Qiu WG, Luft BJ 		BMC Genomics 2013
BBA70 of Borrelia burgdorferi Is a Novel Plasminogen-binding Protein
Koenigs A, Hammerschmidt C, Jutras BL, Pogoryelov D, Barthel D, Skerka C, Kugelstadt D, Wallich R, Stevenson B, Zipfel PF, Kraiczy P 		The Journal of biological chemistry 2013
Peaceful coexistence amongst Borrelia plasmids: getting by with a little help from their friends?
Chaconas G, Norris SJ 		Plasmid 2013
Contributions of Environmental Signals and Conserved Residues to the Functions of Carbon Storage Regulator A of Borrelia burgdorferi
Karna SL, Prabhu RG, Lin YH, Miller CL, Seshu J 		Infection and immunity 2013
Borrelia burgdorferi Linear Plasmid 28-3 Confers a Selective Advantage in an Experimental Mouse-Tick Infection Model
Dulebohn DP, Bestor A, Rosa PA 		Infection and immunity 2013
ErpC, a member of the complement regulator-acquiring family of surface proteins from Borrelia burgdorferi, possesses an architecture previously unseen in this protein family
Caesar JJ, Johnson S, Kraiczy P, Lea SM 		Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology and Crystallization Communications 2013
The Formins FMNL1 and mDia1 Regulate Coiling Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi by Primary Human Macrophages
Naj X, Hoffmann AK, Himmel M, Linder S 		Infection and immunity 2013
Proteolysis of BB0323 results in two polypeptides that impact physiologic and infectious phenotypes in Borrelia burgdorferi
Kariu T, Yang X, Marks CB, Zhang X, Pal U 		Molecular Microbiology 2013
Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto ospC Alleles Associated with Human Lyme Borreliosis Worldwide in Non-Human-Biting Tick Ixodes affinis and Rodent Hosts in Southeastern United States
Rudenko N, Golovchenko M, Hönig V, Mallátová N, Krbková L, Mikulášek P, Fedorova N, Belfiore NM, Grubhoffer L, Lane RS, Oliver JH Jr 		Applied and environmental microbiology 2013
Borrelia valaisiana Resist Complement-Mediated Killing Independently of the Recruitment of Immune Regulators and Inactivation of Complement Components
Schwab J, Hammerschmidt C, Richter D, Skerka C, Matuschka FR, Wallich R, Zipfel PF, Kraiczy P 		PloS one 2013
Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: a one health paradigm.
Monath TP 		Vaccine 2013
Vascular binding of a pathogen under shear force through mechanistically distinct sequential interactions with host macromolecules
TJ Moriarty, M Shi, YP Lin, R Ebady, H Zhou, T Odisho, PO Hardy, A Salman-Dilgimen, J Wu, EH Weening, JT Skare, P Kubes, J Leong, G Chaconas 		Molecular Microbiology 2012
Microarray Analyses of Inflammation Response of Human Dermal Fibroblasts to Different Strains of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto
F Schramm, A Kern, C Barthel, S Nadaud, N Meyer, B Jaulhac, N Boulanger 		PloS one 2012
Analysis of an ordered, comprehensive STM mutant library in infectious Borrelia burgdorferi: insights into the genes required for mouse infectivity
T Lin, L Gao, C Zhang, E Odeh, MB Jacobs, L Coutte, G Chaconas, MT Philipp, SJ Norris 		PloS one 2012
Borrelia burgdorferi Needs Chemotaxis To Establish Infection in Mammals and To Accomplish Its Enzootic Cycle
CW Sze, K Zhang, T Kariu, U Pal, C Li, A Camilli 		Infection and immunity 2012
Minimal-Change Disease Secondary to Borrelia burgdorferi Infection
E Kwiatkowska, E Gołembiewska, K Ciechanowski, K Kędzierska 		Case Reports in Nephrology 2012
ELISA-Based Measurement of Antibody Responses and PCR-Based Detection Profiles Can Distinguish between Active Infection and Early Clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi
JJ Lazarus, AL McCarter, K Neifer-Sadhwani, RM Wooten 		Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012
DipA, a Pore-Forming Protein in the Outer Membrane of Lyme Disease Spirochetes Exhibits Specificity for the Permeation of Dicarboxylates
M Thein, M Bonde, I Bunikis, K Denker, A Sickmann, S Bergström, R Benz 		PloS one 2012
Effect of Levels of Acetate on the Mevalonate Pathway of Borrelia burgdorferi
TA van Laar, YH Lin, CL Miller, SL Karna, JP Chambers, J Seshu 		PloS one 2012
Different patterns of expression and of IL-10 modulation of inflammatory mediators from macrophages of Lyme disease-resistant and -susceptible mice
A Gautam, S Dixit, M Embers, R Gautam, MT Philipp, SR Singh, L Morici, VA Dennis 		PloS one 2012
Telomere components as potential therapeutic targets for treating microbial pathogen infections
Li B 		Frontiers in Oncology 2012
Endothelial cells and fibroblasts amplify the arthritogenic Type I IFN response in murine Lyme Disease and are major sources of chemokines in B. burgdorferi-infected joint tissue
Lochhead RB, Sonderegger FL, Ma Y, Brewster JE, Cornwall D, Maylor-Hagen H, Miller JC, Zachary JF, Weis JH, Weis JJ 		Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2012
Two CheW coupling proteins are essential in a chemosensory pathway of Borrelia burgdorferi
Zhang K, Liu J, Tu Y, Xu H, Charon NW, Li C 		Molecular Microbiology 2012
Two Boundaries Separate Borrelia burgdorferi Populations in North America
Margos G, Tsao JI, Castillo-Ramírez S, Girard YA, Hamer SA, Hoen AG, Lane RS, Raper SL, Ogden NH 		Applied and environmental microbiology 2012
Borrelia burgdorferi, a Pathogen That Lacks Iron, Encodes Manganese-dependent Superoxide Dismutase Essential for Resistance to Streptonigrin
Troxell B, Xu H, Yang XF 		The Journal of biological chemistry 2012
A Case of Relapsing-Remitting Neuroborreliosis? Challenges in the Differential Diagnosis of Recurrent Myelitis
Albrecht P, Henke N, Lehmann HC, Macht S, Hefter H, Goebels N, Mackenzie C, Rupprecht TA, Fingerle V, Hartung HP, Methner A 		Case Reports in Neurology 2012
Altered Murine Tissue Colonization by Borrelia burgdorferi following Targeted Deletion of Linear Plasmid 17-Carried Genes
Casselli T, Tourand Y, Bankhead T 		Infection and immunity 2012
Genome Stability of Lyme Disease Spirochetes: Comparative Genomics of Borrelia burgdorferi Plasmids
Casjens SR, Mongodin EF, Qiu WG, Luft BJ, Schutzer SE, Gilcrease EB, Huang WM, Vujadinovic M, Aron JK, Vargas LC, Freeman S, Radune D, Weidman JF, Dimitrov GI, Khouri HM, Sosa JE, Halpin RA, Dunn JJ, Fraser CM 		PloS one 2012
Lyme disease and pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS): an overview
Rhee H, Cameron DJ 		International journal of general medicine 2012
Contribution of the Infection-Associated Complement Regulator-Acquiring Surface Protein 4 (ErpC) to Complement Resistance of Borrelia burgdorferi
Hammerschmidt C, Hallström T, Skerka C, Wallich R, Stevenson B, Zipfel PF, Kraiczy P 		Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012
BpaB and EbfC DNA-Binding Proteins Regulate Production of the Lyme Disease Spirochete's Infection-Associated Erp Surface Proteins
Jutras BL, Verma A, Adams CA, Brissette CA, Burns LH, Whetstine CR, Bowman A, Chenail AM, Zückert WR, Stevenson B 		Journal of bacteriology 2012
Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Rhesus Macaques following Antibiotic Treatment of Disseminated Infection
Embers ME, Barthold SW, Borda JT, Bowers L, Doyle L, Hodzic E, Jacobs MB, Hasenkampf NR, Martin DS, Narasimhan S, Phillippi-Falkenstein KM, Purcell JE, Ratterree MS, Philipp MT 		PloS one 2012
Changing distributions of ticks: causes and consequences.
Léger E, Vourc'h G, Vial L, Chevillon C, McCoy KD 		Experimental and Applied Acarology 2012
Cyclic di-GMP is essential for the survival of the lyme disease spirochete in ticks
M He, Z Ouyang, B Troxell, H Xu, A Moh, J Piesman, MV Norgard, M Gomelsky, XF Yang 		PLoS pathogens 2011
Borrelia burgdorferi BBA52 is a potential target for transmission blocking Lyme disease vaccine
M Kumar, S Kaur, T Kariu, X Yang, I Bossis, JF Anderson, U Pal 		Vaccine 2011
The coenzyme A disulphide reductase of Borrelia burgdorferi is important for rapid growth throughout the enzootic cycle and essential for infection of the mammalian host
CH Eggers, MJ Caimano, RA Malizia, T Kariu, B Cusack, DC Desrosiers, KR Hazlett, A Claiborne, U Pal, JD Radolf 		Molecular Microbiology 2011
Methods for rapid transfer and localization of lyme disease pathogens within the tick gut
T Kariu, AS Coleman, JF Anderson, U Pal 		Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE 2011
A host-restricted viral vector for antigen-specific immunization against Lyme disease pathogen
S Xiao, M Kumar, X Yang, M Akkoyunlu, PL Collins, SK Samal, U Pal 		Vaccine 2011
Allelic Variation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Adhesin DbpA Influences Spirochetal Binding to Decorin, Dermatan Sulfate, and Mammalian Cells
VM Benoit, JR Fischer, YP Lin, N Parveen, JM Leong, JB Bliska 		Infection and immunity 2011
Genetic Manipulation of Borrelia burgdorferi
JA Hyde, EH Weening, JT Skare 		Current Protocols in Microbiology 2011
A Single-Domain FlgJ Contributes to Flagellar Hook and Filament Formation in the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
K Zhang, BA Tong, J Liu, C Li 		Journal of bacteriology 2011
A Surface Enolase Participates in Borrelia burgdorferi-Plasminogen Interaction and Contributes to Pathogen Survival within Feeding Ticks
SV Nogueira, AA Smith, JH Qin, U Pal, BA McCormick 		Infection and immunity 2011
Analysis of the HD-GYP Domain Cyclic Dimeric GMP Phosphodiesterase Reveals a Role in Motility and the Enzootic Life Cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi
SZ Sultan, JE Pitzer, T Boquoi, G Hobbs, MR Miller, MA Motaleb, A Camilli 		Infection and immunity 2011
Lymphoadenopathy during lyme borreliosis is caused by spirochete migration-induced specific B cell activation
SS Tunev, CJ Hastey, E Hodzic, S Feng, SW Barthold, N Baumgarth 		PLoS pathogens 2011
The BB0646 protein demonstrates lipase and haemolytic activity associated with Borrelia burgdorferi, the aetiological agent of Lyme disease
DK Shaw, JA Hyde, JT Skare 		Molecular Microbiology 2011
Bioluminescent imaging of Borrelia burgdorferi in vivo demonstrates that the fibronectin-binding protein BBK32 is required for optimal infectivity
JA Hyde, EH Weening, M Chang, JP Trzeciakowski, M Höök, JD Cirillo, JT Skare 		Molecular Microbiology 2011
Oligopeptide Permease A5 Modulates Vertebrate Host-Specific Adaptation of Borrelia burgdorferi
BV Raju, MD Esteve-Gassent, SL Karna, CL Miller, TA Laar, J Seshu, AJ Bäumler 		Infection and immunity 2011
Rapid decline of OspC borreliacidal antibodies following treatment of patients with early Lyme disease.
Jobe DA, Kowalski TJ, Bloemke M, Lovrich SD, Callister SM 		Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI 2011
A novel gene inactivation system reveals altered periplasmic flagellar orientation in a Borrelia burgdorferi fliL mutant.
Motaleb MA, Pitzer JE, Sultan SZ, Liu J 		Journal of bacteriology 2011
Anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibody profile in post-Lyme disease syndrome.
Chandra A, Wormser GP, Marques AR, Latov N, Alaedini A 		Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI 2011
Lyme disease and the orthopaedic implications of lyme arthritis.
Smith BG, Cruz AI Jr, Milewski MD, Shapiro ED 		The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2011
The OspE-related proteins inhibit complement deposition and enhance serum resistance of Borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease spirochete.
Kenedy MR, Akins DR 		Infection and immunity 2011
Functional analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi uvrA in DNA damage protection.
Sambir M, Ivanova LB, Bryksin AV, Godfrey HP, Cabello FC 		FEMS Microbiology Letters 2011
Patterns and regulation of ribosomal RNA transcription in Borrelia burgdorferi.
Bugrysheva JV, Godfrey HP, Schwartz I, Cabello FC 		BMC Microbiology 2011
Current drivers and future directions of global livestock disease dynamics
Perry BD, Grace D, Sones K 		Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2011
Localized Production of IL-10 Suppresses Early Inflammatory Cell Infiltration and Subsequent Development of IFN-γ-Mediated Lyme Arthritis
Sonderegger FL, Ma Y, Maylor-Hagan H, Brewster J, Huang X, Spangrude GJ, Zachary JF, Weis JH, Weis JJ 		Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2011
Adaptive and Innate Immune Responsiveness to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Exposed Asymptomatic Children and Children with Previous Clinical Lyme Borreliosis
Skogman BH, Hellberg S, Ekerfelt C, Jenmalm MC, Forsberg P, Ludvigsson J, Bergström S, Ernerudh J 		Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2011
Evaluation of the preventive capacities of a topically applied azithromycin formulation against Lyme borreliosis in a murine model
Knauer J, Krupka I, Fueldner C, Lehmann J, Straubinger RK 		Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2011
Epitope Mapping of Antibodies to VlsE Protein of Borrelia burgdorferi in Post-Lyme Disease Syndrome
Chandra A, Latov N, Wormser GP, Marques AR, Alaedini A 		Clinical Immunology 2011
Interferon-γ Influences the Composition of Leukocytic Infiltrates in Murine Lyme Carditis
Sabino GJ, Hwang SJ, McAllister SC, Mena P, Furie MB 		The American Journal of Pathology 2011
Borrelia burgdorferi RST1 (OspC Type A) Genotype Is Associated with Greater Inflammation and More Severe Lyme Disease
Strle K, Jones KL, Drouin EE, Li X, Steere AC 		The American Journal of Pathology 2011
Functional Analysis of the Borrelia burgdorferi bba64 Gene Product in Murine Infection via Tick Infestation
Patton TG, Dietrich G, Dolan MC, Piesman J, Carroll JA, Gilmore RD Jr 		PloS one 2011
The bba64 gene of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent, is critical for mammalian infection via tick bite transmission
RD Gilmore, RR Howison, G Dietrich, TG Patton, DR Clifton, JA Carroll 		Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010
Analysis of the dbpBA Upstream Regulatory Region Controlled by RpoS in Borrelia burgdorferi
Z Ouyang, S Haq, MV Norgard 		Journal of bacteriology 2010
Cellular Architecture of Treponema pallidum: Novel Flagellum, Periplasmic Cone, and Cell Envelope as Revealed by Cryo-Electron Tomography
J Liu, JK Howell, SD Bradley, Y Zheng, ZH Zhou, SJ Norris 		Journal of Molecular Biology 2010
BBA52 facilitates Borrelia burgdorferi transmission from feeding ticks to murine hosts
M Kumar, X Yang, AS Coleman, U Pal 		The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010
Antialarmin Effect of Tick Saliva during the Transmission of Lyme Disease
C Marchal, F Schramm, A Kern, BJ Luft, X Yang, T Schuijt, J Hovius, B Jaulhac, N Boulanger, RP Morrison 		Infection and immunity 2010
CsrA Modulates Levels of Lipoproteins and Key Regulators of Gene Expression Critical for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Borrelia burgdorferi
SL Karna, E Sanjuan, MD Esteve-Gassent, CL Miller, M Maruskova, J Seshu, AJ Bäumler 		Infection and immunity 2010
Inactivation of bb0184 , Which Encodes Carbon Storage Regulator A, Represses the Infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi
CW Sze, C Li, A Camilli 		Infection and immunity 2010
Role of the Surface Lipoprotein BBA07 in the Enzootic Cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi
H Xu, M He, JJ He, XF Yang 		Infection and immunity 2010
Characterization of Unique Regions of Borrelia burgdorferi Surface-Located Membrane Protein 1
X Yang, TR Lenhart, T Kariu, J Anguita, DR Akins, U Pal 		Infection and immunity 2010
Invasion of Eukaryotic Cells by Borrelia burgdorferi Requires β 1 Integrins and Src Kinase Activity
J Wu, EH Weening, JB Faske, M Höök, JT Skare, AJ Bäumler 		Infection and immunity 2010
Inactivation of a putative flagellar motor switch protein FliG1 preventsBorrelia burgdorferifrom swimming in highly viscous media and blocks its infectivity
C Li, H Xu, K Zhang, FT Liang 		Molecular Microbiology 2010
Borrelia species induce inflammasome activation and IL-17 production through a caspase-1-dependent mechanism
M Oosting, FL van de Veerdonk, TD Kanneganti, P Sturm, I Verschueren, A Berende, JW van der Meer, BJ Kullberg, MG Netea, LA Joosten 		European Journal of Immunology 2010
Analysis of the dbpBA Upstream Regulatory Region Controlled by RpoS in Borrelia burgdorferi
Ouyang Z, Haq S, Norgard MV 		Journal of bacteriology 2010
Preventing broken Borrelia telomeres: ResT couples dual hairpin telomere formation with product release.
Briffotaux J, Kobryn K 		The Journal of biological chemistry 2010
Inadequate binding of immune regulator factor H is associated with sensitivity of Borrelia lusitaniae to human complement.
Dieterich R, Hammerschmidt C, Richter D, Skerka C, Wallich R, Matuschka FR, Zipfel PF, Kraiczy P 		Infection and immunity 2010
Differential regulation of the multiple flagellins in spirochetes.
Li C, Sal M, Marko M, Charon NW 		Journal of bacteriology 2010
Invasion of the lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis: implications for Borrelia burgdorferi endemicity.
Hamer SA, Tsao JI, Walker ED, Hickling GJ 		EcoHealth 2010
Cryptic vector divergence masks vector-specific patterns of infection: an example from the marine cycle of Lyme borreliosis
Gómez-Díaz E, Doherty PF Jr, Duneau D, McCoy KD 		Evolutionary Applications 2010
Exploring the Linkages Between Ecosystems and Human Health
Dakubo CY 		2010
The Global Threat of Emergent/Re-emergent Vector-Borne Diseases
Gubler DJ 		2010
Live imaging reveals a novel, biphasic mode of dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi within ticks
Star Dunham-Ems, Melissa Caimano, Utpal Pal, Charles Wolgemuth, Christian Eggers, Anamaria Balic, Justin Radolf 		Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009
Toll-like receptors 1 and 2 heterodimers alter Borrelia burgdorferi gene expression in mice and ticks
E Fikrig, S Narasimhan, G Neelakanta, U Pal, M Chen, R Flavell 		The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009
Pulmonary surfactant: an immunological perspective
ZC Chroneos, Z Sever-Chroneos, VL Shepherd 		Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 2009
Reviewing molecular adaptations of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in the context of reproductive fitness in natural transmission cycles
JI Tsao 		Veterinary Research 2009
The BosR regulatory protein of Borrelia burgdorferi interfaces with the RpoS regulatory pathway and modulates both the oxidative stress response and pathogenic properties of the Lyme disease spirochete
JA Hyde, DK Shaw, R Smith, JP Trzeciakowski, JT Skare 		Molecular Microbiology 2009
A chromosomally encoded virulence factor protects the Lyme disease pathogen against host-adaptive immunity
X Yang, AS Coleman, J Anguita, U Pal 		PLoS pathogens 2009
BBK07, a Dominant In Vivo Antigen of Borrelia burgdorferi, Is a Potential Marker for Serodiagnosis of Lyme Disease
AS Coleman, U Pal 		Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI 2009
Borrelia burgdorferi bba74 Is Expressed Exclusively during Tick Feeding and Is Regulated by Both Arthropod- and Mammalian Host-Specific Signals
VB Mulay, MJ Caimano, R Iyer, S Dunham-Ems, D Liveris, MM Petzke, I Schwartz, JD Radolf 		Journal of bacteriology 2009
Overexpression of CsrA (BB0184) Alters the Morphology and Antigen Profiles of Borrelia burgdorferi
E Sanjuan, MD Esteve-Gassent, M Maruskova, J Seshu 		Infection and immunity 2009
Cryo-Electron Tomography Elucidates the Molecular Architecture of Treponema pallidum , the Syphilis Spirochete
J Izard, C Renken, CE Hsieh, DC Desrosiers, S Dunham-Ems, CL Vake, LL Gebhardt, RJ Limberger, DL Cox, M Marko, JD Radolf 		Journal of bacteriology 2009
Molecular characterization of the tick-Borrelia interface.
de Silva AM, Tyson KR, Pal U 		2009
Central role of the Holliday junction helicase RuvAB in vlsE recombination and infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi.
Lin T, Gao L, Edmondson DG, Jacobs MB, Philipp MT, Norris SJ 		PLoS pathogens 2009
Investigation of the genes involved in antigenic switching at the vlsE locus in Borrelia burgdorferi: an essential role for the RuvAB branch migrase.
Dresser AR, Hardy PO, Chaconas G 		PLoS pathogens 2009
Distribution of antibodies reactive to Borrelia lonestari and Borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in the eastern United States.
Murdock JH, Yabsley MJ, Little SE, Chandrashekar R, O'Connor TP, Caudell JN, Huffman JE, Langenberg JA, Hollamby S 		Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) 2009
Population structure of the lyme borreliosis spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in the western black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus) in Northern California.
Girard YA, Travinsky B, Schotthoefer A, Fedorova N, Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Barbour AG, Lane RS 		Applied and environmental microbiology 2009
'Nothing is permanent but change'- antigenic variation in persistent bacterial pathogens.
Palmer GH, Bankhead T, Lukehart SA 		Cellular Microbiology 2009
High-throughput screening identifies three inhibitor classes of the telomere resolvase from the lyme disease spirochete.
Lefas G, Chaconas G 		Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2009
Chitobiose utilization in Borrelia burgdorferi is dually regulated by RpoD and RpoS.
Rhodes RG, Coy W, Nelson DR 		BMC Microbiology 2009
Activation of human monocytes by live Borrelia burgdorferi generates TLR2-dependent and -independent responses which include induction of IFN-beta.
Salazar JC, Duhnam-Ems S, La Vake C, Cruz AR, Moore MW, Caimano MJ, Velez-Climent L, Shupe J, Krueger W, Radolf JD 		PLoS pathogens 2009
CspA-mediated binding of human factor H inhibits complement deposition and confers serum resistance in Borrelia burgdorferi.
Kenedy MR, Vuppala SR, Siegel C, Kraiczy P, Akins DR 		Infection and immunity 2009
Intact flagellar motor of Borrelia burgdorferi revealed by cryo-electron tomography: evidence for stator ring curvature and rotor/C-ring assembly flexion.
Liu J, Lin T, Botkin DJ, McCrum E, Winkler H, Norris SJ 		Journal of bacteriology 2009
[Lyme borreliosis].
Krause A, Fingerle V 		2009
Acylated cholesteryl galactosides are specific antigens of borrelia causing lyme disease and frequently induce antibodies in late stages of disease.
Stübs G, Fingerle V, Wilske B, Göbel UB, Zähringer U, Schumann RR, Schröder NWJ 		The Journal of biological chemistry 2009
Langerhans cell deficiency impairs Ixodes scapularis suppression of Th1 responses in mice.
Vesely DL, Fish D, Shlomchik MJ, Kaplan DH, Bockenstedt LK 		Infection and immunity 2009
Detailed analysis of sequence changes occurring during vlsE antigenic variation in the mouse model of Borrelia burgdorferi infection.
Coutte L, Botkin DJ, Gao L, Norris SJ 		PLoS pathogens 2009
Dermatologic changes induced by repeated Ixodes scapularis bites and implications for prevention of tick-borne infection.
Krause PJ, Grant-Kels JM, Tahan SR, Dardick KR, Alarcon-Chaidez F, Bouchard K, Visini C, Deriso C, Foppa IM, Wikel S 		Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) 2009
Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases
Georgiev VS 		2009
Assessment of decorin-binding protein A to the infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi in the murine models of needle and tick infection
JS Blevins, KE Hagman, MV Norgard 		BMC Microbiology 2008
Borrelia burgdorferi Lacking DbpBA Exhibits an Early Survival Defect during Experimental Infection
EH Weening, N Parveen, JP Trzeciakowski, JM Leong, M Höök, JT Skare 		Infection and immunity 2008
Borrelia burgdorferi complement regulator-acquiring surface protein 2 does not contribute to complement resistance or host infectivity
AS Coleman, X Yang, M Kumar, X Zhang, K Promnares, D Shroder, MR Kenedy, JF Anderson, DR Akins, U Pal 		PloS one 2008
Borrelia burgdorferi basic membrane proteins A and B participate in the genesis of Lyme arthritis
U Pal, P Wang, F Bao, X Yang, S Samanta, R Schoen, GP Wormser, I Schwartz, E Fikrig 		Journal of Experimental Medicine 2008
Preferential Protection of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto by a Salp15 Homologue in Ixodes ricinus Saliva
JW Hovius, TJ Schuijt, KA Groot, JJ Roelofs, GA Oei, JA Marquart, R Beer, C Veer, T der Poll, N Ramamoorthi, E Fikrig, AP Dam 		The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2008
Essential Role of the Response Regulator Rrp2 in the Infectious Cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi
BK Boardman, M He, Z Ouyang, H Xu, X Pang, XF Yang 		Infection and immunity 2008
Molecular mechanisms involved in vascular interactions of the Lyme disease pathogen in a living host
MU Norman, TJ Moriarty, AR Dresser, B Millen, P Kubes, G Chaconas 		PLoS pathogens 2008
Real-time high resolution 3D imaging of the lyme disease spirochete adhering to and escaping from the vasculature of a living host
TJ Moriarty, MU Norman, P Colarusso, T Bankhead, P Kubes, G Chaconas 		PLoS pathogens 2008
Salivating for knowledge: potential pharmacological agents in tick saliva
JW Hovius, M Levi, E Fikrig 		PLoS Medicine 2008
A Genome-Wide Proteome Array Reveals a Limited Set of Immunogens in Natural Infections of Humans and White-Footed Mice with Borrelia burgdorferi
AG Barbour, A Jasinskas, MA Kayala, DH Davies, AC Steere, P Baldi, PL Felgner 		Infection and immunity 2008
Deletion of BBA64, BBA65, and BBA66 Loci Does Not Alter the Infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi in the Murine Model of Lyme Disease
M Maruskova, J Seshu 		Infection and immunity 2008
Role of the BBA64 Locus of Borrelia burgdorferi in Early Stages of Infectivity in a Murine Model of Lyme Disease
M Maruskova, MD Esteve-Gassent, VL Sexton, J Seshu 		Infection and immunity 2008
Evaluation of the recombinant VlsE-based liaison chemiluminescence immunoassay for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi and diagnosis of Lyme disease.
Ledue TB, Collins MF, Young J, Schriefer ME 		Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI 2008
Wide distribution of a high-virulence Borrelia burgdorferi clone in Europe and North America.
Qiu WG, Bruno JF, McCaig WD, Xu Y, Livey I, Schriefer ME, Luft BJ 		Emerging infectious diseases 2008
Lyme disease in Oregon.
Doggett JS, Kohlhepp S, Gresbrink R, Metz P, Gleaves C, Gilbert D 		Journal of clinical microbiology 2008
An RND-type efflux system in Borrelia burgdorferi is involved in virulence and resistance to antimicrobial compounds.
Bunikis I, Denker K, Ostberg Y, Andersen C, Benz R, Bergström S 		PLoS pathogens 2008
Purification and properties of the plasmid maintenance proteins from the Borrelia burgdorferi linear plasmid lp17.
Deneke J, Chaconas G 		Journal of bacteriology 2008
Lymphadenopathy in a novel mouse model of Bartonella-induced cat scratch disease results from lymphocyte immigration and proliferation and is regulated by interferon-alpha/beta.
Kunz S, Oberle K, Sander A, Bogdan C, Schleicher U 		The American Journal of Pathology 2008
The relationships between Ixodes ricinus and small mammal species at the woodland-pasture interface.
Boyard C, Vourc'h G, Barnouin J 		Experimental and Applied Acarology 2008
Borrelia burgdorferi BBA74, a Periplasmic Protein Associated with the Outer Membrane, Lacks Porin-Like Properties
V Mulay, MJ Caimano, D Liveris, DC Desrosiers, JD Radolf, I Schwartz 		Journal of bacteriology 2007
Borrelia burgdorferi Alters Its Gene Expression and Antigenic Profile in Response to CO 2 Levels
JA Hyde, JP Trzeciakowski, JT Skare 		Journal of bacteriology 2007
Identification of Specific Chemoattractants and Genetic Complementation of a Borrelia burgdorferi Chemotaxis Mutant: Flow Cytometry-Based Capillary Tube Chemotaxis Assay
RG Bakker, C Li, MR Miller, C Cunningham, NW Charon 		Applied and environmental microbiology 2007
Viable Borrelia burgdorferi enhances interleukin-10 production and suppresses activation of murine macrophages.
Lazarus JJ, Kay MA, McCarter AL, Wooten RM 		Infection and immunity 2007
Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete, potentiates innate immune activation and induces apoptosis in human monocytes.
Cruz AR, Moore MW, La Vake CJ, Eggers CH, Salazar JC, Radolf JD 		Infection and immunity 2007
Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Borrelia burgdorferi coinfection enhances chemokine, cytokine, and matrix metalloprotease expression by human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
Grab DJ, Nyarko E, Barat NC, Nikolskaia OV, Dumler JS 		Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI 2007
Human pathogenic Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov. resists complement-mediated killing by direct binding of immune regulators factor H and factor H-like protein 1.
Herzberger P, Siegel C, Skerka C, Fingerle V, Schulte-Spechtel U, van Dam A, Wilske B, Brade V, Zipfel PF, Wallich R, Kraiczy P 		Infection and immunity 2007
Marginal zone B-cell depletion impairs murine host defense against Borrelia burgdorferi infection.
Belperron AA, Dailey CM, Booth CJ, Bockenstedt LK 		Infection and immunity 2007
Seronegative Lyme arthritis.
Holl-Wieden A, Suerbaum S, Girschick HJ 		Rheumatology International 2007
Clonal diversification in OspA-specific antibodies from peripheral circulation of a chronic Lyme arthritis patient.
Ghosh S, Huber BT 		Journal of Immunological Methods 2007
Protective efficacy of an oral vaccine to reduce carriage of Borrelia burgdorferi (strain N40) in mouse and tick reservoirs
MR Scheckelhoff, SR Telford, LT Hu 		Vaccine 2006
Fibronectin binding protein BBK32 of the Lyme disease spirochete promotes bacterial attachment to glycosaminoglycans
JR Fischer, KT LeBlanc, JM Leong 		Infection and immunity 2006
Emerging Infectious Determinants of Chronic Diseases
SM O'Connor, CE Taylor, JM Hughes 		Emerging infectious diseases 2006
Infectivity of the Highly Transformable BBE02 − lp56 − Mutant of Borrelia burgdorferi , the Lyme Disease Spirochete, via Ticks
MB Jacobs, SJ Norris, KM Phillippi-Falkenstein, MT Philipp 		Infection and immunity 2006
Borrelia garinii in seabird ticks (Ixodes uriae), Atlantic Coast, North America.
Smith RP Jr, Muzaffar SB, Lavers J, Lacombe EH, Cahill BK, Lubelczyk CB, Kinsler A, Mathers AJ, Rand PW 		Emerging infectious diseases 2006
Binding of human complement regulators FHL-1 and factor H to CRASP-1 orthologs of Borrelia burgdorferi.
Kraiczy P, Rossmann E, Brade V, Simon MM, Skerka C, Zipfel PF, Wallich R 		Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2006
Lyme borreliosis in 2005, 30 years after initial observations in Lyme Connecticut.
Steere AC 		Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2006
Evidence that RpoS (sigmaS) in Borrelia burgdorferi is controlled directly by RpoN (sigma54/sigmaN).
Smith AH, Blevins JS, Bachlani GN, Yang XF, Norgard MV 		Journal of bacteriology 2006
Cerebrospinal fluid-infiltrating CD4+ T cells recognize Borrelia burgdorferi lysine-enriched protein domains and central nervous system autoantigens in early lyme encephalitis.
Lünemann JD, Gelderblom H, Sospedra M, Quandt JA, Pinilla C, Marques A, Martin R 		Infection and immunity 2006
Longitudinal analysis of tick densities and Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia infections of Ixodes ricinus ticks in different habitat areas in The Netherlands.
Wielinga PR, Gaasenbeek C, Fonville M, de Boer A, de Vries A, Dimmers W, Akkerhuis Op Jagers G, Schouls LM, Borgsteede F, van der Giessen JW 		Applied and environmental microbiology 2006
Identification of Borrelia burgdorferi ribosomal protein L25 by the phage surface display method and evaluation of the protein's value for serodiagnosis.
Mueller M, Bunk S, Diterich I, Weichel M, Rauter C, Hassler D, Hermann C, Crameri R, Hartung T 		Journal of clinical microbiology 2006
Differential telomere processing by Borrelia telomere resolvases in vitro but not in vivo.
Tourand Y, Bankhead T, Wilson SL, Putteet-Driver AD, Barbour AG, Byram R, Rosa PA, Chaconas G 		Journal of bacteriology 2006
Serologic proteome analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi membrane-associated proteins.
Nowalk AJ, Gilmore RD Jr, Carroll JA 		Infection and immunity 2006
Economic impact of Lyme disease.
Zhang X, Meltzer MI, Peña CA, Hopkins AB, Wroth L, Fix AD 		Emerging infectious diseases 2006
MyD88 deficiency enhances acquisition and transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi by Ixodes scapularis ticks.
Bockenstedt LK, Liu N, Schwartz I, Fish D 		Infection and immunity 2006
West Nile virus epidemics in North America are driven by shifts in mosquito feeding behavior.
Kilpatrick AM, Kramer LD, Jones MJ, Marra PP, Daszak P 		PLoS Biology 2006
Choosing the Right Antibiotic in Ambulatory Care.
Anderson VL, Miskinis-Hilligoss D 		The journal for nurse practitioners : JNP 2006
The Role of Ecotones in Emerging Infectious Diseases
Despommier D, Ellis BR, Wilcox BA 		EcoHealth 2006
The Lyme disease agent exploits a tick protein to infect the mammalian host
N Ramamoorthi, S Narasimhan, U Pal, F Bao, XF Yang, D Fish, J Anguita, MV Norgard, FS Kantor, JF Anderson, RA Koski, E Fikrig 		Nature 2005
Borrelia burgdorferi rel Is Responsible for Generation of Guanosine-3′-Diphosphate-5′-Triphosphate and Growth Control
JV Bugrysheva, AV Bryksin, HP Godfrey, FC Cabello 		Infection and immunity 2005
Lipoprotein-Dependent and -Independent Immune Responses to Spirochetal Infection
JC Salazar, CD Pope, MW Moore, J Pope, TG Kiely, JD Radolf 		Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI 2005
β2 Integrins Control the Severity of Murine Lyme Carditis
M Guerau-de-Arellano, J Alroy, BT Huber 		Infection and immunity 2005
Human Lyme Arthritis and the Immunoglobulin G Antibody Response to the 37-Kilodalton Arthritis-Related Protein of Borrelia burgdorferi
CA Salazar, M Rothemich, EE Drouin, L Glickstein, AC Steere 		Infection and immunity 2005
[Early diagnosis of Lyme arthritis].
Krause A, Herzer P 		2005
Association between human leukocyte antigen class II alleles and genotype of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with early lyme disease.
Wormser GP, Kaslow R, Tang J, Wade K, Liveris D, Schwartz I, Klempner M 		The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005
Two-year evaluation of Borrelia burgdorferi culture and supplemental tests for definitive diagnosis of Lyme disease.
Coulter P, Lema C, Flayhart D, Linhardt AS, Aucott JN, Auwaerter PG, Dumler JS 		Journal of clinical microbiology 2005
Borrelia burgdorferi BmpA, BmpB, and BmpD proteins are expressed in human infection and contribute to P39 immunoblot reactivity in patients with Lyme disease.
Bryksin AV, Godfrey HP, Carbonaro CA, Wormser GP, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Cabello FC 		Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 2005
Molecular Identification and Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato in Lizards in the Southeastern United States
Clark K, Hendricks A, Burge D 		Applied and environmental microbiology 2005
Emerging infectious diseases
VR Racaniello 		Journal of Clinical Investigation 2004
An ecological approach to preventing human infection: Vaccinating wild mouse reservoirs intervenes in the Lyme disease cycle
Tsao JI, Wootton JT, Bunikis J, Luna MG, Fish D, Barbour AG 		Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2004

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