(A) Structure and approaches taken by MGH Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine (centralized in the Office of Physician Scientist Development [OPSD]), and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine to train and support new physician-scientists. (B) Funding from the NIH, the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (BWF), the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (DDCF), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). These mechanisms include the Physician-Scientist Institutional Award (PSIA), the Physician Scientist Fellowship (PSF), the Loan Repayment Program (LRP), the Fund to Retain Clinical Scientists (FRCS), and the Career Development Award (CDA). Symbols highlight mechanisms used to fund the institutional physician-scientist programs featured in this perspective. CSDA, Clinical Scientist Development Award: DSP, Diversity Supplement; HHGF, Hannah H. Gray fellows; MSTP, Medical Scientist Training Program; PS, physician-scientist. Adapted with permission from Dr. Shawn Gaillard (NIH).