Abstract
Translation of novel therapies for type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases to the clinic has been slow despite significant new initiatives from funding agencies. One reason for this is that different incentives drive industry, academia, and funding bodies. These communities therefore lack common goals and often communicate poorly, resulting in unintended obstacles that hamper progress in efficiently translating basic scientific discoveries into medical practice. Here, based on our own personal experiences, we discuss some of the drivers within each community that cause these problems, existing mechanisms to facilitate the translation of science into medical practice, and remaining issues that need to be solved.
Authors
Matthias von Herrath, Andrew Chan
Abstract
Most scientists learn how to review papers by being thrown into the deep end of the pool: here’s a paper, write a review. Perhaps this is not the best way to keep an enterprise afloat. But what should be included in a review? What should the tone of a review be? Here I want to outline the specifics of what we at the JCI are looking for in a referee report.
Authors
Ushma S. Neill
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a major metabolic feature of obesity and is a key factor in the etiology of a number of diseases, including type 2 diabetes. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms by which brief nutrient excess and obesity lead to insulin resistance and propose that these mechanisms of action are different but interrelated. We discuss how pathways that “sense” nutrients within skeletal muscle are readily able to regulate insulin action. We then discuss how obesity leads to insulin resistance via a complex interplay among systemic fatty acid excess, microhypoxia in adipose tissue, ER stress, and inflammation. In particular, we focus on the hypothesis that the macrophage is an important cell type in the propagation of inflammation and induction of insulin resistance in obesity. Overall, we provide our integrative perspective regarding how nutrients and obesity interact to regulate insulin sensitivity.
Authors
Simon Schenk, Maziyar Saberi, Jerrold M. Olefsky
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ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)