We performed genetic immunization of outbred NMRI mice, using a cDNA encoding the human thyrotropin receptor (TSHr). All mice produced antibodies capable of recognizing the recombinant receptor expressed at the surface of stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and sera from most of the immunized mice blocked TSH-dependent stimulation of cAMP accumulation in cells expressing the TSHr. Five out of 29 female mice showed sign of hyperthyroidism including elevated total T4 and suppressed TSH levels. The serum of these mice contained thyroid-stimulating activity, as measured in a classic assay using CHO cells expressing recombinant TSHr. In contrast, only 1 male out of 30 had moderately elevated serum total T4 with undetectable TSH values. The hyperthyroid animals had goiters with extensive lymphocytic infiltration, characteristic of a Th2 immune response. In addition, these animals displayed ocular signs reminiscent of Graves’ ophthalmopathy, including edema, deposit of amorphous material, and cellular infiltration of their extraocular muscles. Our results demonstrate that genetic immunization of outbred NMRI mice with the human TSHr provides the most convincing murine model of Graves’ disease available to date.
Sabine Costagliola, Marie-Christine Many, Jean-François Denef, Joachim Pohlenz, Samuel Refetoff, Gilbert Vassart
Title and authors | Publication | Year |
---|---|---|
Graves disease: latest understanding of pathogenesis and treatment options.
Lanzolla G, Marinò M, Menconi F |
Nature reviews. Endocrinology | 2024 |
Insight Into Mouse Models of Hyperthyroidism.
Zhang M, Jiang W, Lu G, Wang R, Lv Z, Li D |
Frontiers in Endocrinology | 2022 |
Antibodies against thyroid‑stimulating hormone receptor cause maternal‑neonatal transmission of Graves' Disease
Y Yu, QQ Liu, DY Liu, DD Wang, LQ Yang, SM Ye |
Experimental and therapeutic medicine | 2021 |
Lessons from mouse models of Graves’ disease
A Eckstein, S Philipp, G Goertz, JP Banga, U Berchner-Pfannschmidt |
Endocrine | 2020 |
A Novel Long-Term Graves’ Disease Animal Model Confirmed by Functional Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies
T Diana, HP Holthoff, J Fassbender, C Wüster, M Kanitz, GJ Kahaly, M Ungerer |
European Thyroid Journal | 2020 |
A methodological review of induced animal models of autoimmune diseases
X Yu, F Petersen |
Autoimmunity Reviews | 2018 |
Noninflammatory Diffuse Follicular Hypertrophy/Hyperplasia of Graves Disease: Morphometric Evaluation in an Experimental Mouse Model
A Schlüter, AK Eckstein, A Brenzel, M Horstmann, S Lang, U Berchner-Pfannschmidt, JP Banga, S Diaz-Cano |
European Thyroid Journal | 2018 |
Graves’ orbitopathy occurs sex-independently in an autoimmune hyperthyroid mouse model
A Schlüter, U Flögel, S Diaz-Cano, GE Görtz, K Stähr, M Oeverhaus, S Plöhn, S Mattheis, LC Moeller, S Lang, NE Bechrakis, JP Banga, A Eckstein, U Berchner-Pfannschmidt |
Scientific Reports | 2018 |
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor and Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
TJ Smith, JA Janssen |
Endocrine reviews | 2018 |
The Association between ocular problems and Serum Testosterone, Prolactin and Thyroglobulin concentrations in Delayed phase of Sulfur Mustard exposure
Hassan Ghasemi, Nayere Askari, Sakine Moaiedmohseni, Soghrat Faghihzadeh, Susan Kabudanian Ardestani, Elham Faghihzadeh, Tooba Ghazanfari |
Iranian Journal of Pathology | 2018 |
An improved method for the establishment of a model of Graves' disease in BALB/c mice
W Zheng, R Wang, J Tan, N Li, Z Meng |
Molecular medicine reports | 2017 |
Effects of Combined Exposure to Chronic High-Fat Diet and Arsenic on Thyroid Function and Lipid Profile in Male Mouse
A Ahangarpour, S Alboghobeish, AA Oroojan, L Zeidooni, A Samimi, G Afshari |
Biological Trace Element Research | 2017 |
EBI2 receptor regulates myelin development and inhibits LPC-induced demyelination
A Rutkowska, AW Sailer, KK Dev |
Journal of Neuroinflammation | 2017 |
Overexpression of IL-4 in the thyroid of transgenic mice upregulates the expression of Duox1 and the anion transporter pendrin
Z Eskalli, Y Achouri, S Hahn, MC Many, J Craps, S Refetoff, XH Liao, JE Dumont, JV sande, B Corvilain, F Miot, XD Deken |
Thyroid | 2016 |
Excessive Cytosolic DNA Fragments as a Potential Trigger of Graves’ Disease: An Encrypted Message Sent by Animal Models
Y Luo, A Yoshihara, K Oda, Y Ishido, K Suzuki |
Frontiers in Endocrinology | 2016 |
Review of Mouse Models of Graves’ Disease and Orbitopathy—Novel Treatment by Induction of Tolerance
M Ungerer, J Faßbender, Z Li, G Münch, HP Holthoff |
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology | 2016 |
Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric
M Gurnell, TJ Visser, P Beck-Peccoz, VK Chatterjee |
Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric | 2016 |
The fully synthetic MAG-Tn3 therapeutic vaccine containing the tetanus toxoid-derived TT830-844 universal epitope provides anti-tumor immunity
D Laubreton, S Bay, C Sedlik, C Artaud, C Ganneau, E Dériaud, S Viel, AL Puaux, S Amigorena, C Gérard, R Lo-Man, C Leclerc |
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy | 2016 |
A Unique Mouse Strain That Develops Spontaneous, Iodine-Accelerated, Pathogenic Antibodies to the Human Thyrotrophin Receptor
B Rapoport, HA Aliesky, B Banuelos, CR Chen, SM McLachlan |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) | 2015 |
Crystal Structure of a TSH Receptor Monoclonal Antibody: Insight Into Graves' Disease Pathogenesis
CR Chen, PA Hubbard, LM Salazar, SM McLachlan, R Murali, B Rapoport |
Molecular Endocrinology | 2015 |
Graves’ Disease Mechanisms: The Role of Stimulating, Blocking, and Cleavage Region TSH Receptor Antibodies
S Morshed, T Davies |
Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et métabolisme | 2015 |
Breaking Tolerance to Thyroid Antigens: Changing Concepts in Thyroid Autoimmunity
SM McLachlan, B Rapoport |
Endocrine reviews | 2014 |
EBI2 regulates intracellular signaling and migration in human astrocyte: EBI2 Signaling and Role in Astrocytes
A Rutkowska, I Preuss, F Gessier, AW Sailer, KK Dev |
Glia | 2014 |
Immunization of mice with a newly identified thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor splice variant induces Graves'-like disease
T Endo, T Kobayashi |
Journal of Autoimmunity | 2013 |
Receptor-activating autoantibodies and disease: preeclampsia and beyond
Y Xia, RE Kellems |
Expert Review of Clinical Immunology | 2011 |
Orbital fibrosis in a mouse model of Graves' disease induced by genetic immunization of thyrotropin receptor cDNA
SX Zhao, S Tsui, A Cheung, RS Douglas, TJ Smith, JP Banga |
The Journal of endocrinology | 2011 |
Distinct Genetic Signatures for Variability in Total and Free Serum Thyroxine Levels in Four Sets of Recombinant Inbred Mice
SM McLachlan, L Lu, HA Aliesky, RW Williams, B Rapoport |
Endocrinology | 2011 |
Cloning of the TSH receptor: The story from a Brussels perspective
G Vassart |
Annales d'Endocrinologie | 2011 |
Mast cell-derived prostaglandin D2 controls hyaluronan synthesis in human orbital fibroblasts via DP1 activation: implications for thyroid eye disease
N Guo, CJ Baglole, CW O'Loughlin, SE Feldon, RP Phipps |
The Journal of biological chemistry | 2010 |
Effects of hyperthyroidism on the rectus muscles in mice
CJ Nien, JV Jester, S Bose |
Frontiers in neurology | 2010 |
Mast Cell-derived Prostaglandin D 2 Controls Hyaluronan Synthesis in Human Orbital Fibroblasts via DP1 Activation: IMPLICATIONS FOR THYROID EYE DISEASE
N Guo, CJ Baglole, CW O'Loughlin, SE Feldon, RP Phipps |
The Journal of biological chemistry | 2010 |
Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects
GS Eisenbarth |
2010 | |
Immunization with thyroglobulin induces Graves'-like disease in mice
T Endo, T Kobayashi |
The Journal of endocrinology | 2009 |
Pulmonary surfactant: an immunological perspective
ZC Chroneos, Z Sever-Chroneos, VL Shepherd |
Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology | 2009 |
Immune response of mice transgenic for human histocompatibility leukocyte Antigen-DR to human thyrotropin receptor-extracellular domain
H Inaba, D Pan, YH Shin, W Martin, G Buchman, LJ de Groot |
Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association | 2009 |
Thyroid antigens, not central tolerance, control responses to immunization in BALB/c versus C57BL/6 mice
AV Misharin, B Rapoport, SM McLachlan |
Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association | 2009 |
Toward Better Models of Hyperthyroid Graves' Disease
S Dağdelen, YM Kong, JP Banga |
Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America | 2009 |
Analytical aspects of thyroid antibodies estimation
D Sinclair |
Autoimmunity | 2008 |
Identification of apoptotic proteins in thyroid gland from patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis
A Bossowski, B Czarnocka, K Bardadin, A Stasiak-Barmuta, M Urban, J Dadan, K Ratomski, A Bossowska |
Autoimmunity | 2008 |
Autoimmune Diseases in Endocrinology
AP Weetman |
2008 | |
An Improved Graves’ Disease Model Established by Using in Vivo Electroporation Exhibited Long-Term Immunity to Hyperthyroidism in BALB/c Mice
T Kaneda, A Honda, A Hakozaki, T Fuse, A Muto, T Yoshida |
Endocrinology | 2007 |
Association between thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin levels and ocular findings in pediatric patients with Graves disease
OM Acuna, I Athannassaki, EA Paysse |
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society | 2007 |
Functional Characterization of Human Thyroid Tissue with Immunohistochemistry
A Faggiano, B Caillou, L Lacroix, M Talbot, S Filetti, J Bidart, M Schlumberger |
Thyroid | 2007 |
Monoclonal Pathogenic Antibodies to the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor in Graves’ Disease with Potent Thyroid-Stimulating Activity but Differential Blocking Activity Activate Multiple Signaling Pathways
JA Gilbert, AG Gianoukakis, S Salehi, J Moorhead, PV Rao, MZ Khan, AM McGregor, TJ Smith, JP Banga |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) | 2006 |
Antibodies Focused on the Human Autoantibody Immunodominant Region Are Induced by B Lymphocytes that Constitutively Express Thyroid Peroxidase Diverted to the Major Histocompatibility Complex II Pathway
J Guo, SM McLachlan, B Rapoport |
Thyroid | 2006 |
New insights into antibody-mediated hyperthyroidism
R Ajjan, A Weetman |
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism | 2006 |
Longitudinal Correlation of Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulin With Clinical Activity of Disease in Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy
LR Dragan, SR Seiff, DC Lee |
Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery | 2006 |
Differential Susceptibility of BALB/c and BALB/cBy Mice to Graves' Hyperthyroidism
GS Seetharamaiah, KJ Land |
Thyroid | 2006 |
The Autoimmune Diseases
I Kang, J Craft |
The Autoimmune Diseases | 2006 |
Interferon- -induced hyperthyroidism: a three-stage evolution from silent thyroiditis towards Graves' disease
NL Bohbot, J Young, J Orgiazzi, C Buffet, M Francois, B Bernard-Chabert, C Lukas-Croisier, B Delemer |
European Journal of Endocrinology | 2006 |
Insight into Graves’ Hyperthyroidism from Animal Models
SM McLachlan, Y Nagayama, B Rapoport |
Endocrine reviews | 2005 |
Cathepsin S is not crucial to TSHR processing and presentation in a murine model of Graves' disease
M Kala, CR Chen, SM McLachlan, B Rapoport, H Aliesky, HA Chapman |
Immunology | 2005 |
Thyrotropin receptor antibodies: new insights into their actions and clinical relevance
T Ando, R Latif, TF Davies |
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism | 2005 |
Dissociation between Iodide-Induced Thyroiditis and Antibody-Mediated Hyperthyroidism in NOD.H-2h4 Mice
SM McLachlan, H Braley-Mullen, CR Chen, H Aliesky, PN Pichurin, B Rapoport |
Endocrinology | 2005 |
Quantification of cells expressing the thyrotropin receptor in extraocular muscles in thyroid associated orbitopathy
A Boschi, C Daumerie, M Spiritus, C Beguin, M Senou, D Yuksel, M Duplicy, S Costagliola, M Ludgate, MC Many |
The British journal of ophthalmology | 2005 |
Animal Models of Graves' Hyperthyroidism
Y NAGAYAMA |
Endocrine Journal | 2005 |
DNA vaccination against tumors
GJ Prud'homme |
The Journal of Gene Medicine | 2005 |
The Clinicopathologic Basis of Graves' Ophthalmopathy: A Review
S Kloprogge, L Kowal, J Wall, AG Frauman |
European journal of ophthalmology | 2005 |
Monoclonal Antibodies to the Thyrotropin Receptor
T Ando, TF Davies |
Clinical and Developmental Immunology | 2005 |
Concentration-dependent regulation of thyrotropin receptor function by thyroid stimulating antibody
Takao Ando, Rauf Latif, and Terry F Davies |
Journal of Clinical Investigation | 2004 |
Superiority of thyroid peroxidase DNA over protein immunization in replicating human thyroid autoimmunity in HLA-DRB1*0301 (DR3) transgenic mice
JC Flynn, A Gardas, Q Wan, M Gora, G Alsharabi, WZ Wei, AA Giraldo, CS David, YM Kong, JP Banga |
Clinical & Experimental Immunology | 2004 |
Role of Apoptosis in Autoimmunity
M Todaro, A Zeuner, G Stassi |
Journal of Clinical Immunology | 2004 |
“Hijacking” the Thyrotropin Receptor: A Chimeric Receptor-Lysosome Associated Membrane Protein Enhances Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccination and Induces Graves’ Hyperthyroidism
PN Pichurin, GD Chazenbalk, H Aliesky, O Pichurina, B Rapoport, SM McLachlan |
Endocrinology | 2004 |
Low-Dose Immunization with Adenovirus Expressing the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor A-Subunit Deviates the Antibody Response toward That of Autoantibodies in Human Graves’ Disease
CR Chen, P Pichurin, GD Chazenbalk, H Aliesky, Y Nagayama, SM McLachlan, B Rapoport |
Endocrinology | 2004 |
Dissecting Linear and Conformational Epitopes on the Native Thyrotropin Receptor
T Ando, R Latif, S Daniel, K Eguchi, TF Davies |
Endocrinology | 2004 |
Induction of hyperthyroidism in mice by intradermal immunization with DNA encoding the thyrotropin receptor
K Barrett, E Liakata, PV Rao, PF Watson, AP Weetman, P Lymberi, JP Banga, G Carayanniotis |
Clinical & Experimental Immunology | 2004 |
Susceptibility Rather than Resistance to Hyperthyroidism Is Dominant in a Thyrotropin Receptor Adenovirus-Induced Animal Model of Graves’ Disease as Revealed by BALB/c-C57BL/6 Hybrid Mice
CR Chen, H Aliesky, PN Pichurin, Y Nagayama, SM McLachlan, B Rapoport |
Endocrinology | 2004 |
Thyroid stimulating monoclonal antibodies: overcoming the road blocks and the way forward
SM McLachlan, B Rapoport |
Clinical Endocrinology | 2004 |
Graves' hyperthyroidism and thyroiditis in HLA-DRB1*0301 (DR3) transgenic mice after immunization with thyrotropin receptor DNA
JC Flynn, PV Rao, M Gora, G Alsharabi, W Wei, AA Giraldo, CS David, JP Banga, YM Kong |
Clinical & Experimental Immunology | 2004 |
Infection and Autoimmunity
C Dugué, Y Renaudineau, P Youinou |
Infection and Autoimmunity | 2004 |
Inducing Graves’ ophthalmopathy
M Ludgate, G Baker |
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation | 2004 |
Eye muscle antibodies in Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Pathogenic or secondary epiphenomenon?
T Mizokami, M Salvi, JR Wall |
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation | 2004 |
Graves’ ophthalmopathy: State of the art and perspectives
L Bartalena, WM Wiersinga, A Pinchera |
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation | 2004 |
New understanding of the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy
RA Ajjan, AP Weetman |
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation | 2004 |
Immunoendocrinology in Health and Disease
N Martens, E Hooghe-Peters, R Hooghe |
Immunoendocrinology in Health and Disease | 2004 |
The thyrotropin receptor autoantigen in Graves' disease is the culprit as well as the victim
Chun-Rong Chen, Pavel Pichurin, Yuji Nagayama, Francesco Latrofa, Basil Rapoport and Sandra M. McLachlan |
Journal of Clinical Investigation | 2003 |
Insight into antibody responses induced by plasmid or adenoviral vectors encoding thyroid peroxidase, a major thyroid autoantigen
J Guo, P Pichurin, Y Nagayama, B Rapoport, SM McLachlan |
Clinical & Experimental Immunology | 2003 |
Thyrotrophin receptor-specific memory T cell responses require normal B cells in a murine model of Graves' disease
P Pichurin, H Aliesky, CR Chen, Y Nagayama, B Rapoport, SM McLachlan |
Clinical & Experimental Immunology | 2003 |
Current Perspective on the Pathogenesis of Graves’ Disease and Ophthalmopathy
BS Prabhakar, RS Bahn, TJ Smith |
Endocrine reviews | 2003 |
Thyrotropin Receptor-DNA Vaccination of Transgenic Mice Expressing HLA-DR3 or HLA-DQ6b
P Pichurin, CR Chen, O Pichurina, C David, B Rapoport, SM McLachlan |
Thyroid | 2003 |
Dendritic cells infected with adenovirus expressing the thyrotrophin receptor induce Graves' hyperthyroidism in BALB/c mice
M Kita-Furuyama, Y Nagayama, P Pichurin, SM McLachlan, B Rapoport, K Eguchi |
Clinical & Experimental Immunology | 2003 |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and its role in Graves’ disease
DA Chistiakov |
Molecular Genetics and Metabolism | 2003 |
Novel murine models of thyroid autoimmunity
Y Nagayama |
Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes | 2003 |
Prevention of autoimmune diabetes by DNA vaccination
GJ Prud’homme |
Expert Review of Vaccines | 2003 |
Graves' disease—associated changes in the serum lysosomal glycosidases activity and the glycosaminoglycan content
K Komosińska-Vassev, K Olczyk, EM Koźma, K Winsz-Szczotka, P Olczyk, G Wisowski |
Clinica Chimica Acta | 2003 |
A Major Role for Non-Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes But not for Microorganisms in a Novel Murine Model of Graves' Hyperthyroidism
Y Nagayama, SM McLachlan, B Rapoport, M Niwa |
Thyroid | 2003 |
Novel murine models of thyroid autoimmunity:
Y Nagayama |
Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes | 2003 |
Monoclonal Antibodies to Thyroid Specific Autoantigens
T Akamizu |
Autoimmunity | 2003 |
HLA and H2 Class II Transgenic Mouse Models to Study Susceptibility and Protection in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
YC Kong, JC Flynn, Q Wan, CS David |
Autoimmunity | 2003 |
Contrasting Activities of Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies in Experimental Models of Graves’ Disease Induced by Injection of Transfected Fibroblasts or Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccination
PV Rao, PF Watson, AP Weetman, G Carayanniotis, JP Banga |
Endocrinology | 2003 |
Induction of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Autoimmunity in Hamsters
T Ando, M Imaizumi, P Graves, P Unger, TF Davies |
Endocrinology | 2003 |
Prevention of Autoantibody-Mediated Graves’-Like Hyperthyroidism in Mice with IL-4, a Th2 Cytokine
Y Nagayama, H Mizuguchi, T Hayakawa, M Niwa, SM McLachlan, B Rapoport |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) | 2003 |
THE FREE A SUBUNIT, NOT THE HOLORECEPTOR, IS PREFERENTIALLY RECOGNIZED BY THYROID STIMULATING AUTOANTIBODIES IN GRAVES’ DISEASE
Gregorio D. Chazenbalk, Pavel Pichurin, Chun-Rong Chen, Francesco Latrofa, Alan P. Johnstone, Sandra M. McLachlan, Basil Rapoport |
Journal of Clinical Investigation | 2002 |
Demonstration of immunoglobulin G, A, and E autoantibodies to the human thyrotropin receptor using flow cytometry
R Metcalfe, N Jordan, P Watson, S Gullu, M Wiltshire, M Crisp, C Evans, A Weetman, M Ludgate |
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism | 2002 |
Igs from patients with Graves' disease induce the expression of T cell chemoattractants in their fibroblasts
J Pritchard, N Horst, W Cruikshank, TJ Smith |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) | 2002 |
Role of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
Y Hiromatsu, H Kaku, I Miyake, S Murayama, E Soejima |
Thyroid | 2002 |
Unlocking the immunological mechanisms of orbital inflammation in thyroid eye disease
M Ludgate, G Baker |
Clinical & Experimental Immunology | 2002 |
AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE: NEW MODELS OF CELL DEATH IN AUTOIMMUNITY
G Stassi, RD Maria |
Nature Reviews Immunology | 2002 |
Autoimmune endocrine disease
MS Anderson |
Current Opinion in Immunology | 2002 |
Generation of a mouse monoclonal TSH receptor antibody with stimulating activity
S Costagliola, JD Franssen, M Bonomi, E Urizar, M Willnich, A Bergmann, G Vassart |
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | 2002 |
Use of DNA immunization to produce polyclonal antibodies against the native human neurokinin-1 receptor for substance P
S Tymciu, A Wijkhuisen, MA Sagot, Y Frobert, J Grassi, C Créminon, JY Couraud, D Boquet |
Journal of Neuroimmunology | 2002 |
Animal Models of Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
ME Ludgate |
Thyroid | 2002 |
Peptide Scanning for Thyrotropin Receptor T-Cell Epitopes in Mice Vaccinated with Naked DNA
P Pichurin, L Schwarz-Lauer, H Braley-Mullen, C Paras, O Pichurina, JC Morris, B Rapoport, SM McLachlan |
Thyroid | 2002 |
Monoclonal Antibodies with Thyroid Stimulating Activity, at Last
S Costagliola, G Vassart |
Thyroid | 2002 |
Thyroid-Stimulating Monoclonal Antibodies
J Sanders, J Jeffreys, H Depraetere, T Richards, M Evans, A Kiddie, K Brereton, M Groenen, Y Oda, J Furmaniak, BR Smith |
Thyroid | 2002 |
Characterization of the Thyrotropin Binding Pocket
J Jeffreys, H Depraetere, J Sanders, Y Oda, M Evans, A Kiddie, T Richards, J Furmaniak, BR Smith |
Thyroid | 2002 |
Thyroid Eye Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
J Noort |
Thyroid Eye Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment | 2002 |
A Novel Murine Model of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism with Intramuscular Injection of Adenovirus Expressing the Thyrotropin Receptor
Y Nagayama, M Kita-Furuyama, T Ando, K Nakao, H Mizuguchi, T Hayakawa, K Eguchi, M Niwa |
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) | 2002 |
Antithyrotropin Receptor Antibody: An Update
T Akamizu |
Thyroid | 2001 |
Thyroid Eye Disease
RS Bahn |
2001 | |
Helper T cells in antibody-mediated, organ-specific autoimmunity
CJ Elson, RN Barker |
Current Opinion in Immunology | 2000 |
Cytokines, IgG subclasses and costimulation in a mouse model of thyroid autoimmunity induced by injection of fibroblasts co-expressing MHC class II and thyroid autoantigens
XM Yan, J Guo, P Pichurin, K Tanaka, JC Jaume, B Rapoport, SM McLachlan |
Clinical & Experimental Immunology | 2000 |
Progress in our understanding of the pathogenesis of Graves ophthalmopathy
M Ludgate, K Starkey |
Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes | 2000 |
Graves' Ophthalmopathy in the Absence of Elevated Free Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine Levels: Prevalence, Natural History, and Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody Levels
DH Khoo, PH Eng, SC Ho, ES Tai, NG Morgenthaler, LL Seah, KS Fong, SP Chee, CT Choo, SE Aw |
Thyroid | 2000 |