(A) Tumor growth significantly increased in ETP⁺-tumor tissue allograft into WT mice. Tumor volume was determined 1 month after implantation (representative images). Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 5 per group). ***P < 0.001, unpaired t test. (B) In vivo Matrigel bioassay. Matrigel (50 μl) was mixed with ETP (100 ng/plug) or PBS and implanted into WT mice in the presence of IgG, 1D11, or 10B6 (20 μg/plug). 2 days after implantation, plugs were excised and stained for H&E. Scale bars: 100 μm. (C–L) Cancer cells were plated in the bottom chamber 1 day prior to seeding MS-1 cells (5 × 10⁵ cells/well) and macrophages (1 × 10⁵ cells/well) atop the membrane chamber in Transwell and incubated for 18–24 hours (C). (D–K) Representative images of multiple independent experiments. Scale bars: 100 μm. (L) Quantitation (mean ± SEM; n = 3 per group). ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.05, *P < 0.01, unpaired t test. (M) MS-1 migration assay. MS-1 cells (5 × 10⁵ cells/well) were plated atop the chamber in Transwell and incubated for 24 hours. Chemotaxis was set up by following cell migration from DMEM/serum-free to DMEM/2% FBS/PBS or DMEM/2% FBS/ETP protein (1 μg/well). Images are representative of multiple independent experiments. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 3 per group). ***P = 0.008, unpaired t test. Scale bars: 100 μm.