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The cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme FAXDC2 couples Wnt/β-catenin to RTK/MAPK signaling
Babita Madan, … , Enrico Petretto, David M. Virshup
Babita Madan, … , Enrico Petretto, David M. Virshup
Published January 23, 2024
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2024;134(6):e171222. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI171222.
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Research Article Metabolism Oncology Article has an altmetric score of 73

The cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme FAXDC2 couples Wnt/β-catenin to RTK/MAPK signaling

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Abstract

Wnts, cholesterol, and MAPK signaling are essential for development and adult homeostasis. Here, we report that fatty acid hydroxylase domain containing 2 (FAXDC2), a previously uncharacterized enzyme, functions as a methyl sterol oxidase catalyzing C4 demethylation in the Kandutsch-Russell branch of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. FAXDC2, a paralog of MSMO1, regulated the abundance of the specific C4-methyl sterols lophenol and dihydro-T-MAS. Highlighting its clinical relevance, FAXDC2 was repressed in Wnt/β-catenin–high cancer xenografts, in a mouse genetic model of Wnt activation, and in human colorectal cancers. Moreover, in primary human colorectal cancers, the sterol lophenol, regulated by FAXDC2, accumulated in the cancerous tissues and not in adjacent normal tissues. FAXDC2 linked Wnts to RTK/MAPK signaling. Wnt inhibition drove increased recycling of RTKs and activation of the MAPK pathway, and this required FAXDC2. Blocking Wnt signaling in Wnt-high cancers caused both differentiation and senescence; and this was prevented by knockout of FAXDC2. Our data show the integration of 3 ancient pathways, Wnts, cholesterol synthesis, and RTK/MAPK signaling, in cellular proliferation and differentiation.

Authors

Babita Madan, Shawn R. Wadia, Siddhi Patnaik, Nathan Harmston, Emile Tan, Iain Bee Huat Tan, W. David Nes, Enrico Petretto, David M. Virshup

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Figure 5

Increased RTK recycling in Wnt-addicted cancers upon Wnt inhibition.

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Increased RTK recycling in Wnt-addicted cancers upon Wnt inhibition.
(A ...
(A and B) ETC-159 treatment of HPAF-II cells increases abundance of EGFR on the cell surface. HPAF-II cells were treated with 100 nM ETC-159 for 72 hours. (A) Cells were stained with Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated anti-EGFR antibody and analyzed by flow cytometry. Each histogram represents ~50,000 cells. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments (P = 0.009). (B) Endogenous EGFR levels on non-permeabilized cells were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Scale bars: 20 μm. (C and D) Partial knockdown of RAB11B or EHD1 blunts the ETC-159–induced EGFR increase on the surface of HPAF-II cells. HPAF-II cells were transfected with 2 independent siRNAs (si6 and si7) against RAB11B (C) or EHD1 (D) for 24 hours, followed by treatment with ETC-159 for 72 hours. EGFR levels on the cell surface were assessed by flow cytometry. Each histogram represents ~50,000 cells from 1 replicate. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments. Average median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the technical replicates is shown. Av MFI, average MFI of the technical replicates from the same experiment. (E) EPHB2 and EPHB4 levels are increased by Wnt inhibition. HPAF-II cells were treated with 100 nM ETC-159 for 72 hours, and the levels of endogenous EPHB2 and EPHB4 on non-permeabilized cells were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Scale bars: 20 μm. (F–I) Wnt inhibition increases activation of EPHA2 and EGFR receptor tyrosine kinases and protein abundance of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases in HPAF-II xenografts and pancreatic PDX models. Protein lysates from HPAF-II orthotopic xenografts or pancreatic PDX from vehicle- or ETC-159–treated mice were analyzed for expression of p-EPHA2 and p-EGFR and abundance of indicated RTKs by Western blots. Each lane represents tumor lysate from an individual mouse. (H) The protein lysates were prepared as a master mix and loaded on independent gels. Only 1 blot was probed for the load control, which is shared with Figure 4F.

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ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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