Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are chemically synthesized nucleic acid analogs designed to bind to RNA by Watson-Crick base pairing. Following binding to the targeted RNA, the ASO perturbs RNA function by promoting selective degradation of the targeted RNA, altering RNA intermediary metabolism, or disrupting function of the RNA. Most antisense drugs are chemically modified to enhance their pharmacological properties and for passive targeting of the tissues of therapeutic interest. Recent advances in selective tissue targeting have resulted in a newer generation of ASO drugs that are more potent and better tolerated than previous generations, spawning renewed interest in identifying selective ligands that enhance targeted delivery of ASOs to tissues.
Punit P. Seth, Michael Tanowitz, C. Frank Bennett
Title and authors | Publication | Year |
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Integrating Machine Learning-Based Approaches into the Design of ASO Therapies
Leckie J, Yokota T |
Genes | 2025 |
General Platform for Efficient and Modular Assembly of GalNAc–siRNA Conjugates via Primary Amines and o-Nitrobenzyl Alcohol Cyclization Photoclick Chemistry Enabling Rapid Access to Therapeutic Oligonucleotides
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JACS Au | 2025 |
Conjugation to a transferrin receptor 1-binding Bicycle peptide enhances ASO and siRNA potency in skeletal and cardiac muscles
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Nucleic Acids Research | 2025 |
Biological roles of enhancer RNA m6A modification and its implications in cancer
Han Y, Sun J, Yao M, Miao L, Li M |
Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS | 2025 |
Synthesis of peptide-siRNA conjugates via internal sulfonylphosphoramidate modifications and evaluation of their in vitro activity.
Smidt JM, Lykke L, Stidsen CE, Pristovšek N, Gothelf KV |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2024 |
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Nappi F |
International journal of molecular sciences | 2024 |
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics: Successes, Milestones, and Upcoming Innovation
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Nucleic Acid Therapeutics (Formerly Oligonucleotides) | 2024 |
Super-enhancer omics in stem cell.
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In Vitro Studies to Evaluate the Intestinal Permeation of an Ursodeoxycholic Acid-Conjugated Oligonucleotide for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Treatment
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Exploring non-coding variants and evaluation of antisense oligonucleotides for splicing redirection in Usher syndrome
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Circulation | 2024 |
Evolution of Antisense Oligonucleotides: Navigating Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Delivery Challenges
Ruchi R, Raman GM, Kumar V, Bahal R |
Expert opinion on drug discovery | 2024 |
RNAi-Based Therapeutics and Novel RNA Bioengineering Technologies
Traber GM, Yu AM |
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics | 2023 |
Application of Antisense Conjugates for the Treatment of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1
Stoodley J, Vallejo-Bedia F, Seone-Miraz D, Debasa-Mouce M, Wood MJ, Varela MA |
International journal of molecular sciences | 2023 |
Simultaneous inhibition of endocytic recycling and lysosomal fusion sensitizes cells and tissues to oligonucleotide therapeutics.
Finicle BT, Eckenstein KH, Revenko AS, Anderson BA, Wan WB, McCracken AN, Gil D, Fruman DA, Hanessian S, Seth PP, Edinger AL |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2023 |
Acyclic (S)-glycol nucleic acid (S-GNA) modification of siRNAs improves the safety of RNAi therapeutics while maintaining potency
Egli M, Schlegel MK, Manoharan M |
RNA (New York, N.Y.) | 2023 |
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Egli M, Manoharan M |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2023 |
Antibody-drug conjugates: the clinical development in gastric cancer
Zhu Y, Zhou M, Kong W, Li C |
Frontiers in Oncology | 2023 |
Peptide-conjugated antimiRs improve myotonic dystrophy type 1 phenotypes by promoting endogenous MBNL1 expression
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2023 | |
MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease
Bernhard Laggerbauer, Stefan Engelhardt |
Journal of Clinical Investigation | 2022 |
Therapeutic RNA-silencing oligonucleotides in metabolic diseases
A Goga, M Stoffel |
Nature Reviews Drug Discovery | 2022 |
Drug delivery strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy
S Yang, C Cai, H Wang, X Ma, A Shao, J Sheng, C Yu |
Cell Communication and Signaling | 2022 |
Antisense Oligonucleotides Conjugated with Lipophilic Compounds: Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of Exon Skipping in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
E Marchesi, R Cortesi, L Preti, P Rimessi, M Sguizzato, M Bovolenta, D Perrone |
International journal of molecular sciences | 2022 |
Disrupting autorepression circuitry generates “open-loop lethality” to yield escape-resistant antiviral agents
S Chaturvedi, M Pablo, M Wolf, D Rosas-Rivera, G Calia, A Kumar, N Vardi, K Du, J Glazier, R Ke, M Chan, A Perelson, L Weinberger |
Cell | 2022 |
Differential Uptake of Antisense Oligonucleotides in Mouse Hepatocytes and Macrophages Revealed by Simultaneous Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence and Coherent Raman Imaging
Mukherjee P, Aksamitiene E, Alex A, Shi J, Bera K, Zhang C, Spillman DR, Marjanovic M, Fazio M, Seth PP, Frazier K, Hood SR, Boppart SA |
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics (Formerly Oligonucleotides) | 2022 |
Antisense modulation of IL7R splicing to control sIL7R expression in human CD4+ T cells
Galarza-Muñoz G, Kennedy-Boone D, Schott G, Bradrick SS, Garcia-Blanco MA |
RNA (New York, N.Y.) | 2022 |
Targeted Nanocarrier Delivery of RNA Therapeutics to Control HIV Infection
Agbosu EE, Ledger S, Kelleher AD, Wen J, Ahlenstiel CL |
Pharmaceutics | 2022 |
Effective silencing of miR-126 after ischemic stroke by means of intravenous α-tocopherol–conjugated heteroduplex oligonucleotide in mice
M Suzuki, S Ishibashi, E Iwasawa, T Oguma, Y Saito, F Li, S Otsu, K Ichinose, K Yoshioka, T Nagata, T Yokota |
Scientific Reports | 2021 |
Viral Mimicry as a Design Template for Nucleic Acid Nanocarriers
IF de la Fuente, SS Sawant, MQ Tolentino, PM Corrigan, JL Rouge |
Frontiers in Chemistry | 2021 |
iRGD‐Liposomes Enhance Tumor Delivery and Therapeutic Efficacy of Antisense Oligonucleotide Drugs against Primary Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastasis
J Guan, H Guo, T Tang, Y Wang, Y Wei, P Seth, Y Li, SM Dehm, E Ruoslahti, HB Pang |
Advanced Functional Materials | 2021 |
miR-204: Molecular Regulation and Role in Cardiovascular and Renal Diseases
J Liu, Y Liu, F Wang, M Liang |
Hypertension | 2021 |
Towards next generation antisense oligonucleotides: mesylphosphoramidate modification improves therapeutic index and duration of effect of gapmer antisense oligonucleotides
BA Anderson, GC Freestone, A Low, CL De-Hoyos, WJ Drury, ME Østergaard, MT Migawa, M Fazio, WB Wan, A Berdeja, E Scandalis, SA Burel, TA Vickers, ST Crooke, EE Swayze, X Liang, PP Seth |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2021 |
Site-specific incorporation of 5′-methyl DNA enhances the therapeutic profile of gapmer ASOs
G Vasquez, GC Freestone, WB Wan, A Low, CL Hoyos, J Yu, TP Prakash, ME Ǿstergaard, X Liang, ST Crooke, EE Swayze, MT Migawa, PP Seth |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2021 |
Engineered ionizable lipid nanoparticles for targeted delivery of RNA therapeutics into different types of cells in the liver
M Kim, M Jeong, S Hur, Y Cho, J Park, H Jung, Y Seo, HA Woo, KT Nam, K Lee, H Lee |
Science Advances | 2021 |
The growth of siRNA-based therapeutics: Updated clinical studies
MM Zhang, R Bahal, TP Rasmussen, JE Manautou, X Zhong |
Biochemical Pharmacology | 2021 |
The Challenges and Opportunities in the Development of MicroRNA Therapeutics: A Multidisciplinary Viewpoint
MY Momin, RR Gaddam, M Kravitz, A Gupta, A Vikram |
Cells | 2021 |
Advances in oligonucleotide drug delivery
TC Roberts, R Langer, MJ Wood |
Nature Reviews Drug Discovery | 2020 |
The atlas of RNase H antisense oligonucleotide distribution and activity in the CNS of rodents and non-human primates following central administration
P Jafar-nejad, B Powers, A Soriano, H Zhao, DA Norris, J Matson, B DeBrosse-Serra, J Watson, P Narayanan, SJ Chun, C Mazur, H Kordasiewicz, EE Swayze, F Rigo |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2020 |
Delivery of Oligonucleotides to the Liver with GalNAc: From Research to Registered Therapeutic Drug
AJ Debacker, J Voutila, M Catley, D Blakey, N Habib |
Molecular Therapy | 2020 |
Nucleic Acid Immunotherapeutics for Cancer
T Shen, Y Zhang, S Zhou, S Lin, XB Zhang, G Zhu |
2020 | |
Addressing cancer signal transduction pathways with antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides
RL Juliano |
2020 | |
Mechanisms of palmitic acid-conjugated antisense oligonucleotide distribution in mice
AE Chappell, HJ Gaus, A Berdeja, R Gupta, M Jo, TP Prakash, M Oestergaard, EE Swayze, PP Seth |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2020 |
A critical analysis of methods used to investigate the cellular uptake and subcellular localization of RNA therapeutics
K Deprey, N Batistatou, JA Kritzer |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2020 |
High-resolution visualization and quantification of nucleic acid–based therapeutics in cells and tissues using Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS)
C He, MT Migawa, K Chen, TA Weston, M Tanowitz, W Song, P Guagliardo, KS Iyer, CF Bennett, LG Fong, PP Seth, SG Young, H Jiang |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2020 |
Challenges in optimizing RNA nanostructures for large-scale production and controlled therapeutic properties
M Chandler, M Panigaj, LA Rolband, KA Afonin |
Nanomedicine | 2020 |
Antisense Oligonucleotides for the Treatment of Inner Ear Dysfunction
ML Hastings, TA Jones |
Neurotherapeutics | 2019 |
Site-specific replacement of phosphorothioate with alkyl phosphonate linkages enhances the therapeutic profile of gapmer ASOs by modulating interactions with cellular proteins
MT Migawa, W Shen, WB Wan, G Vasquez, ME Oestergaard, A Low, CL Hoyos, R Gupta, S Murray, M Tanowitz, M Bell, JG Nichols, H Gaus, X Liang, EE Swayze, ST Crooke, PP Seth |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2019 |
Conjugation of hydrophobic moieties enhances potency of antisense oligonucleotides in the muscle of rodents and non-human primates
ME Østergaard, M Jackson, A Low, AE Chappell, RG Lee, RQ Peralta, J Yu, GA Kinberger, A Dan, R Carty, M Tanowitz, P Anderson, TW Kim, L Fradkin, AE Mullick, S Murray, F Rigo, TP Prakash, CF Bennett, EE Swayze, HJ Gaus, PP Seth |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2019 |
Fatty acid conjugation enhances potency of antisense oligonucleotides in muscle
TP Prakash, AE Mullick, RG Lee, J Yu, ST Yeh, A Low, AE Chappell, ME Østergaard, S Murray, HJ Gaus, EE Swayze, PP Seth |
Nucleic Acids Research | 2019 |
Ligand Binding and Signaling of HARE/Stabilin-2
EN Harris, F Cabral |
Biomolecules | 2019 |