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Citations to this article

Glutamate decarboxylase-, insulin-, and islet cell-antibodies and HLA typing to detect diabetes in a general population-based study of Swedish children.
W A Hagopian, … , J Palmer, A Lernmark
W A Hagopian, … , J Palmer, A Lernmark
Published April 1, 1995
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1995;95(4):1505-1511. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI117822.
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Glutamate decarboxylase-, insulin-, and islet cell-antibodies and HLA typing to detect diabetes in a general population-based study of Swedish children.

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Abstract

Most autoimmune diabetes occurs in those without a diabetic relative, but few cases are identifiable prospectively. To model general population prediction, 491 consecutive newly diabetic children from all of Sweden were tested for autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65ab), insulin (IAA), and islet cells (ICA), and for HLA-DQ genotypes by PCR; 415 matched control children were tested in parallel. GAD65ab sensitivity/specificity was 70/96%, versus 84/96% for ICA, 56/97% for IAA, 93/93% (any positive), 39/99.7% (all positive), and 41/99.7% (GAD65ab plus IAA). The latter's 25% predictive value was not improved by requiring concomitant high-risk HLA genotypes. GAD65ab were associated with DQA1*0501/B1*0201 (DQ2; P = 0.007) but not DQA1*0301/B1*0302 (DQ8), and IAA with DQA1*0301/B1*0302 (DQ8; P = 0.03) but not DQA1*0501/B1*0201 (DQ2). GAD65ab were more prevalent in females than males (79 vs. 63%; P < 0.0001) but did not vary with onset age nor season. Combining the three antibody assays yielded sufficient sensitivity for screening. GADab were relatively sensitive/specific for diabetes, but even with HLA marker combinations yielded predictive values insufficient for early immunointervention in the low-prevalence general population.

Authors

W A Hagopian, C B Sanjeevi, I Kockum, M Landin-Olsson, A E Karlsen, G Sundkvist, G Dahlquist, J Palmer, A Lernmark

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Prediction of diabetes with body mass index, oral glucose tolerance test and islet cell autoantibodies in a regional population
O Rolandsson, E Hagg, M Nilsson, G Hallmans, L Mincheva-Nilsson, A Lernmark
Journal of Internal Medicine 2001
Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus
WL Lowe
2001
Evaluation of a novel radioimmunoassay using125I-labelled human recombinant GAD65 for the determination of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) autoantibodies
SM Marcovina, M Landin-Olsson, A Essen-Möller, JP Palmer, Å Lernmark
International Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Research 2000
Autoantibody negative new onset Type 1 diabetic patients lacking high risk HLA alleles in a Caucasian population: are these Type 1b diabetes cases?
C Tiberti, R Buzzetti, E Anastasi, F Dotta, M Vasta, A Petrone, M Cervoni, P Torresi, E Vecci, G Multari, UD Mario
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2000
Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) is the most important factor for prediction of insulin therapy within 3 years in young adult diabetic patients not classified as Type 1 diabetes on clinical grounds
C T�rn, M Landin-Olsson, J �stman, B Scherst�n, H Arnqvist, G Blohm�, E Bj�rk, J Bolinder, J Eriksson, B Littorin, L Nystr�m, G Sundkvist, Lernmark
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2000
Intradermal Administration of GAD & Evaluation of Diabetes Incidence in Mice: Possible Relevance for Skin Tests in Humans
PE Beales, R Liddf, J Endl, R Kientsch-Engel, P Pozzilli
Autoimmunity 2000
Autoimmunity to glutamic acid decarboxylase in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED)
P Klemetti, P Björses, T Tuomi, J Perheentupa, J Partanen, N Rautonen, A Hinkkanen, J Ilonen, O Vaarala
Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2000
Rapid-Onset Type 1 Diabetes with Pancreatic Exocrine Dysfunction
Å Lernmark
New England Journal of Medicine 2000
A novel high-throughput method for accurate, rapid, and economical measurement of multiple Type 1 diabetes autoantibodies
W Woo, JM LaGasse, Z Zhou, R Patel, JP Palmer, H Campus, WA Hagopian
Journal of Immunological Methods 2000
Recognition of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) by Autoantibodies from Different GAD Antibody-Positive Phenotypes1
CS Hampe, LP Hammerle, L Bekris, E Örtqvist, I Kockum, O Rolandsson, M Landin-Olsson, C Törn, B Persson, A Lernmark
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2000
Neither B Lymphocytes Nor Antibodies Directed Against Self Antigens of the Islets of Langerhans Are Required for Development of Virus-Induced Autoimmune Diabetes
A Holz, T Dyrberg, W Hagopian, D Homann, M von Herrath, MB Oldstone
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2000
Pathogenesis, prediction and trials for the prevention of insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus1Abbreviations: s.c., subcutaneous; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.v., intravenous; IFA, incomplete Freund's adjuvant; DTP, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis; LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase; ICA, islet cell autoantibody; JDF, juvenile diabetes foundation; IAA, insulin autoantibody; GAA, glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody; DM, diabetes mellitus; RIA, radioimmunoassay; AA, autoantibody; kD, kilodalton; FPIR, first phase insulin release; IIF, indirect immunofluoresence; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; OGT, oral glucose tolerance.1
PM Graves, GS Eisenbarth
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 1999
HLA associations in type 1 diabetes among patients not carrying high-risk DR3-DQ2 or DR4-DQ8 haplotypes
DE Undlien, I Kockum, KS Rønningen, R Lowe, CB Saanjeevi, J Graham, BA Lie, HE Akselsen, Å Lernmark, E Thorsby
Tissue Antigens 1999
Type 1 1/2 Diabetes: Myth or Reality?
R Juneja, JP Palmer
Autoimmunity 1999
Epitope-specific glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 autoantibodies in intravenous immunoglobulin preparations
Hao, Davis, Daniels, Hampe, Lernmark
Transfusion Medicine 1999
Association of HLA class II alleles with different subgroups of diabetes mellitus in Eastern India identify different associations with IDDM and malnutrition-related diabetes
C Sanjeevi, A Kanungo, A Shtauvere, K Samal, B Tripathi
Tissue Antigens 1999
The TATA-less rat GAD65 promoter can be activated by Sp1 through non-consensus elements
K Skak, BK Michelsen
Gene 1999
Appearance of Islet Cell Autoantibodies after Clinical Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
M Landin-Olsson, HJ Arnqvist, G Blohmé, B Littorin, F Lithner, L Nyström, B Scherstéan, G Sundkvist, L Wibell, J Östman, Å Lernmark
Autoimmunity 1999
Potentials and pitfalls in neonatal screening for type 1 diabetes
G Dahlquist
Acta Paediatrica 1999
Radioimmunoassay for Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65
W Hao, T Daniels, DG Pipeleers, A Smismans, H Reijonen, GT Nepom, A Lernmark
Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 1999
Disease-associated autoantibodies and HLA-DQB1 genotypes in children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group
E Sabbah, K Savola, P Kulmala, H Reijonen, R Veijola, P Vähäsalo, J Karjalainen, J Ilonen, HK Akerblom, M Knip
Clinical & Experimental Immunology 1999
Prevalence of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies amongst young Malaysian diabetics
WM Nazaimoon, I Faridah, M Singaraveloo, IS Ismail, WB Mohamad, R Letchuman, R Rasat, R Pendek, FL Hew, IH Sheriff, BA Khalid
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 1999
Factors predicting clinical remission in adult patients with type 1 diabetes
A Scholin, C Berne, E Schvarcz, FA Karlsson, E Bjork
Journal of Internal Medicine 1999
Molecular and Cellular Pediatric Endocrinology
S Handwerger
1999
Species-Specific Autoantibodies in Type 1 Diabetes1
CS Hampe, E Örtqvist, O Rolandsson, M Landin-Olsson, C Törn, A Ågren, B Persson, DB Schranz, A Lernmark
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1999
Association between autoantibody markers and subtypes of DR4 and DR4-DQ in Swedish children with insulin-dependent diabetes reveals closer association of tyrosine pyrophosphatase autoimmunity with DR4 than DQ8
CB Sanjeevi, WA Hagopian, M Landin-Olsson, I Kockum, W Woo, JP Palmer, A Lernmark, G Dahlquist
Tissue Antigens 1998
Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric analysis of sulfatide.Determination of fragmentation patterns and characterization of molecular species expressed in brain and in pancreatic islets
F Hsu, A Bohrer, J Turk
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1998
HLA-DR and -DQ gene polymorphism in Latvian patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
A Shtauvere, I Rumba, I Dzivite, CB Sanjeevi
Tissue Antigens 1998
Antibodies to the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases IAR and IA-2 are Associated with Progression to Insulin-Dependent Diabetes (IDDM) in First-Degree Relatives At-Risk for IDDM
RS Schmidli, PG Colman, L Cui, WP Yu, K Kewming, C Jankulovski, LC Harrison, CJ Pallen, HJ Deaizpurua
Autoimmunity 1998
Prediction and prevention of type 1 diabetes
M Knip
Acta Paediatrica 1998
Comprehensive Clinical Psychology
SM Turner
Comprehensive Clinical Psychology 1998
Glutamate Decarboxylase Antibodies in Non-Diabetic Pregnancy Precedes Insulin-Dependent Diabetes in the Mother but not Necessarily in the Offspring
SA Ivarsson, M Ackefors, A Carlsson, G Ekberg, A Falorni, I Kockum, M Landin-Olsson, Å Lernmark, B Lindberg, G Sundkvist, L Svanberg
Autoimmunity 1997
Islet Cell Antigens in the Prediction and Prevention of Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
E Bonifacio, MR Christie
Annals of Medicine 1997
Antibodies to the Tyrosine Phosphatase-like Protein IA-2 are highly associated with IDDM, but not with Autoimmune Endocrine Diseases or Stiff Man Syndrome
NG Morgenthaler, J Seissler, P Achenbach, D Glawe, M Payton, HM Meinck, MR Christie, WA Scherbaum
Autoimmunity 1997
Antibody Screening in a Population of Children
MR Batstra, GJ Bruining, HJ Aanstoot
Annals of Medicine 1997
Identification of immunodominant T cell epitopes of human glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 by using HLA-DR(alpha1*0101,beta1*0401) transgenic mice
SD Patel, AP Cope, M Congia, TT Chen, E Kim, L Fugger, D Wherrett, G Sonderstrup-McDevitt
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1997
An islet-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase is a likely precursor to the 37-kDa autoantigen in type 1 diabetes: human and macaque sequences, tissue distribution, unique and shared epitopes, and predictive autoantibodies
J LaGasse, L Jelinek, S Sexson, C Lofton-Day, J Breininger, P Sheppard, W Kindsvogel, WA Hagopian
Molecular Medicine 1997
Identification of immunodominant T cell epitopes of human glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 by using HLA-DR( 1*0101, 1*0401) transgenic mice
SD Patel, AP Cope, M Congia, TT Chen, E Kim, L Fugger, D Wherrett, G Sonderstrup-McDevitt
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1997
Prevention of Type I Diabetes and Recurrent β-Cell Destruction of Transplanted Islets*
RH Slover, GS Eisenbarth
Endocrine reviews 1997
Measurement of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GADA): two new 125I assays compared with [35S]GAD 65-ligand binding assay
H Borg, P Fernlund, G Sundkvist
Clinical chemistry 1997
Oral insulin treatment suppresses virus-induced antigen-specific destruction of beta cells and prevents autoimmune diabetes in transgenic mice
MG von Herrath, T Dyrberg, MB Oldstone
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1996
HLA-DQB1-defined genetic susceptibility, beta cell autoimmunity, and metabolic characteristics in familial and nonfamilial insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group
R Veijola, H Reijonen, P Vähäsalo, E Sabbah, P Kulmala, J Ilonen, HK Akerblom, M Knip
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1996
Islet cell autoantigens in type 1 diabetes
MR Christie
European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1996
Association of IA-2 autoantibodies with HLA DR4 phenotypes in IDDM
S Genovese, R Bonfanti, E Bazzigaluppi, V Lampasona, E Benazzi, E Bosi, G Chiumello, E Bonifacio
Diabetologia 1996
Prevention of Insulin-dependent Diabetes: Where Are We Now?
P Pozzilli
Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 1996
The nature of autoantigens targeted in autoimmune endocrine diseases
YH Song, Y Li, NK Maclaren
Immunology Today 1996
Diagnostic sensitivity of immunodominant epitopes of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) autoantibodies in childhood IDDM
A Falorni, M Ackefors, C Carlberg, T Daniels, B Persson, J Robertson,
Diabetologia 1996
Glutamic acid decarboxylase and other autoantigens in IDDM
GT Nepom
Current Opinion in Immunology 1995
Autoantibodies
MH Lessof, SP Asper
American Heart Journal 1960

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