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Citations to this article

Steroid-resistant asthma. Cellular mechanisms contributing to inadequate response to glucocorticoid therapy.
E R Sher, … , A K Kamada, S J Szefler
E R Sher, … , A K Kamada, S J Szefler
Published January 1, 1994
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1994;93(1):33-39. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI116963.
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Steroid-resistant asthma. Cellular mechanisms contributing to inadequate response to glucocorticoid therapy.

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Abstract

The current study examined whether alterations in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding contribute to poor response to glucocorticoid therapy in asthma. 29 asthma patients with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) < 70% predicted were studied. Patients were classified as steroid sensitive (SS) if their morning FEV1 increased > 30% after a 1-wk course of oral prednisone 20 mg twice daily and steroid resistant (SR) if they failed to increase > 15%. PBMC obtained from these two groups, 17 SR and 12 SS, as well as 12 normal controls were analyzed. SR patients had two distinguishable GR binding abnormalities: 15 of the 17 SR patients demonstrated a significantly reduced GR binding affinity, as compared with SS patients (P = 0.0001) and normal controls (P = 0.0001). This defect was localized to T cells and reverted to normal after 48 h in culture media. However, incubation with a combination of IL-2 and IL-4 sustained this abnormality. The other two SR patients had an abnormally low GR number with normal binding affinity that was not limited to T cells. Furthermore, GR number failed to normalize after incubation in media alone or IL-2 and IL-4. Therefore, SR asthma may be due to more than one abnormality, the majority related to a reversible cytokine-induced reduction in GR binding affinity and the second related to an irreversible reduction in GR number. These findings may have important implications for the design of alternative treatment approaches for recalcitrant asthma.

Authors

E R Sher, D Y Leung, W Surs, J C Kam, G Zieg, A K Kamada, S J Szefler

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Identification of the BclI polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene: association with sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo and body mass index
EF van Rossum, JW Koper, AW van Beld, AG Uitterlinden, P Arp, W Ester, JA Janssen, AO Brinkmann, FH de Jong, DE Grobbee, HA Pols, SW Lamberts
Clinical Endocrinology 2003
Methotrexate therapy in asthma increases T cell susceptibility to corticosteroid inhibition
CJ Corrigan, R Shiner, BH Shakur, PW Ind
Clinical & Experimental Allergy 2003
Is there a role for treatment of asthma with omalizumab?
H Milgrom
Archives of disease in childhood 2003
Expression of the glucocorticoid receptor alpha and beta isoforms in human nasal mucosa and polyp epithelial cells
L Pujols, J Mullol, P Benítez, A Torrego, A Xaubet, JD Haro, C Picado
Respiratory Medicine 2003
Lung Biology in Health and Disease
N Zamel
Lung Biology in Health and Disease: Experimental Models and Therapeutic Potential 2003
Successful conversion from prednisolone to methylprednisolone for immunosuppression: a case report
H Sekido, K Matsuo, K Takeda, D Morioka, T Kubota, K Tanaka, I Endo, S Togo, Y Inayama, Y Nakatani, T Hirano, H Shimada
Transplantation Proceedings 2003
Identifying the child in need of asthma therapy
SJ Szefler
Pediatric Clinics of North America 2003
Interleukin 1α (IL-1α) induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibits glucocorticoid receptor function
X Wang, H Wu, AH Miller
Molecular Psychiatry 2003
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Bench to Bedside
SR Targan, F Shanahan, LC Karp
2003
The Acth Axis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment
RC Gaillard
2003
Glucocorticoid-resistant asthma
TK Loke, AR Sousa, CJ Corrigan, TH Lee
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2002
Bronchial inflammation in corticosteroid-sensitive and corticosteroid-resistant asthma at baseline and on oral corticosteroid treatment
J Chakir, Q Hamid, M Bosse, LP Boulet, M Laviolette
Clinical & Experimental Allergy 2002
Advances in the development of genetic markers for the diagnosis of disease and drug response
E Halapi, H Hakonarson
Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 2002
Childhood Asthma as an Allergic Disease: Basis of Anti-Immunoglobulin E Therapy
H Milgrom
Pediatric Asthma, Allergy & Immunology 2002
Glucocorticoid receptor variants: clinical implications
RH DeRijk, M Schaaf, ER Kloet
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2002
Expression of c-fos, rather than c-jun or glucocorticoid-receptor mRNA, correlates with decreased glucocorticoid response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in asthma
E Takahashi, K Onda, T Hirano, K Oka, N Maruoka, M Tsuyuguchi, Y Matsumura, T Niitsuma, T Hayashi
International Immunopharmacology 2002
Refractory asthma
M McGeehan, WW Busse
Medical Clinics of North America 2002
p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase–induced glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation reduces its activity: Role in steroid-insensitive asthma
E Irusen, JG Matthews, A Takahashi, PJ Barnes, KF Chung, IM Adcock
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2002
Prolonged methylprednisolone treatment suppresses systemic inflammation in patients with unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: evidence for inadequate endogenous glucocorticoid secretion and inflammation-induced immune cell resistance to glucocorticoids
GU Meduri, EA Tolley, GP Chrousos, F Stentz
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2002
IgE and Anti-IgE Therapy in Asthma and Allergic Disease
D Dombrowicz, A Capron, M Capro
IgE and Anti-IgE Therapy in Asthma and Allergic Disease: Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutic Strategies 2002
L’asthme difficile de l’enfant
C Iliescu, I Tillie-Leblond, A Deschildre, J Blic
Archives de Pédiatrie 2002
Respuesta al tratamiento glucocorticoideo en el asma. Papel de las isoformas α y β del receptor glucocorticoideo
A Torrego, L Pujols, C Picado
Archivos de Bronconeumología 2002
Prior bowel resections, perianal disease, and a high initial Crohn's disease activity index are associated with corticosteroid resistance in active Crohn's disease
CM Gelbmann, G Rogler, V Gross, M Gierend, N Bregenzer, T Andus, J Scholmerich
The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2002
A Role for STAT5 in the Pathogenesis of IL-2-Induced Glucocorticoid Resistance
E Goleva, KO Kisich, DY Leung
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2002
Difficult asthma: Defining the problems
SC Ranganathan, DN Payne, A Jaffe, SA McKenzie
Pediatric Pulmonology 2001
Stress Response, Tachykinin, and Cutaneous Inflammation
I Katayama, SJ Bae, Y Hamasaki, K Igawa, Y Miyazaki, H Yokozeki, K Nishioka
Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 2001
The phase-shift mutation in the glucocorticoid receptor gene: potential etiologic significance of neuroendocrine mechanisms in lupus nephritis
T Jiang, S Liu, M Tan, F Huang, Y Sun, X Dong, W Guan, L Huang, F Zhou
Clinica Chimica Acta 2001
Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment
CM Pariante, AH Miller
Biological Psychiatry 2001
Neuroimmune alterations in the complex regional pain syndrome
FJ Huygen, AG de Bruijn, J Klein, FJ Zijlstra
European Journal of Pharmacology 2001
Effect of Glucocorticoid Therapy on Glucocorticoid Receptors in Children with Autoimmune Diseases
J Andreae, R Tripmacher, R Weltrich, W Rohde, R Keitzer, U Wahn, K Paul, F Buttgereit
Pediatric Research 2001
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS IN THE DIFFICULT ASTHMATIC
MV White
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 2001
Decreased steroid responsiveness at night in nocturnal asthma. Is the macrophage responsible?
M Kraft, Q Hamid, GP Chrousos, RJ Martin, DY Leung
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2001
Lung Biology in Health and Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Management
R Ballard
Lung Biology in Health and Disease: Experimental Models and Therapeutic Potential 2001
Gene Therapy for Acute and Acquired Diseases
P Factor
2001
Current understanding and problems of steroid- resistant asthma
A Mori
Allergology International 2000
Polymorphisms in the IL4, IL4RA, and FCERIB genes and asthma severity
AJ Sandford, T Chagani, S Zhu, TD Weir, TR Bai, JJ Spinelli, JM FitzGerald, NA Behbehani, WC Tan, PD Paré
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000
Association and Linkage of Atopic Dermatitis with Chromosome 13q12-14 and 5q31-33 Markers
K Beyer, R Nickel, L Freidhoff, B Bjorksten, SK Huang, KC Barnes, S MacDonald, J Forster, F Zepp, V Wahn, TH Beaty, DG Marsh, U Wahn
Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2000
Prediction of treatment refractoriness in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease-do we have reliable markers?
CM Gelbmann
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2000
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) gene polymorphism in Crohn's disease (CD): influence on disease behaviour?
E Louis, M Peeters, D Franchimont, L Seidel, F Fontaine, G Demolin, F Croes, P Dupont, L Davin, S Omri, P Rutgeerts, J Belaiche
Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2000
Resistance to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in PLP peptide-specific T cell clones from patients with progressive MS
J Correale, W Gilmore, S Li, J Walsh, MM Bassani, B Lund, M Arias, LP Weiner
Journal of Neuroimmunology 2000
Abnormal steroid responsiveness in atopic dermatitis patients: therapeutic implications
EN Charlesworth
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2000
Adrenocortical function in patients with severe atopic dermatitis
K Matsuda, T Katsunuma, Y Iikura, H Kato, H Saito, A Akasawa
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2000
Glucocorticoid resistance in asthma is associated with elevated in vivo expression of the glucocorticoid receptor β-isoform
AR Sousa, SJ Lane, JA Cidlowski, DZ Staynov, TH Lee
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000
Pathophysiology of severe asthma
WW Busse, S Banks-Schlegel, SE Wenzel
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000
Increased number of glucocorticoid receptor-β–expressing cells in the airways in fatal asthma
P Christodoulopoulos, DY Leung, MW Elliott, JC Hogg, S Muro, M Toda, S Laberge, QA Hamid
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000
Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and allergic inflammation
RP Schleimer
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000
Prediction of Treatment Refractoriness in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohnʼs Disease—Do We Have Reliable Markers?:
CM Gelbmann
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2000
Glucocorticoid Receptor α and β in Glucocorticoid Dependent Asthma
R Gagliardo, P Chanez, AM Vignola, J Bousquet, I Vachier, P Godard, G Bonsignore, P Demoly, M Mathieu
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2000
Is there a role for glucocorticoid receptor beta in asthma?
R Gagliardo, AM Vignola, M Mathieu
Respiratory Research 2000
Syndromes of Severe Asthma
NM Kaplan, BF Palmer, JC Weissler
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2000
The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders
C Heim, U Ehlert, DH Hellhammer
Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000
Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Syndromes of Severe Asthma
JC Weissler
The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2000
Higher expression of glucocorticoid receptor in peripheral mononuclear cells in inflammatory bowel disease
A Schottelius, S Wedel, R Weltrich, W Rohde, F Buttgereit, S Schreiber, H Lochs
The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2000
Five Patients with Biochemical and/or Clinical Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance without Alterations in the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene*
NA Huizenga, P de Lange, JW Koper, WW de Herder, R Abs, JH v. Kasteren, FH de Jong, SW Lamberts
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2000
Das therapieresistente Asthma
F Kummer, M Kneußl
2000
Nocturnal asthma is associated with reduced glucocorticoid receptor binding affinity and decreased steroid responsiveness at night
M Kraft, E Vianna, RJ Martin, DY Leung
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999
Mechanisms of glucocorticoid reduction in asthmatic subjects treated with intravenous immunoglobulin
JD Spahn, DY Leung, MT Chan, SJ Szefler, EW Gelfand
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999
IL-2 and IL-4 counteract budesonide inhibition of GM-CSF and IL-10, but not of IL-8, IL-12 or TNF-αproduction by human mononuclear blood cells
S Larsson, CG Löfdahl, M Linden
British Journal of Pharmacology 1999
An in vitro comparison of commonly used topical glucocorticoid preparations
C Stellato, J Atsuta, CA Bickel, RP Schleimer
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999
In vivo resistance to corticosteroids in bronchial asthma is associated with enhanced phosyphorylation of JUN N-terminal kinase and failure of prednisolone to inhibit JUN N-terminal kinase phosphorylation
AR Sousa, SJ Lane, C Soh, TH Lee
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1999
Modulation by Cytokines of Glucocorticoid Action
A Angeli, RG Masera, ML Sartori, N Fortunati, S Racca, A Dovio, A Staurenghi, R Frairia
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1999
Cytokines in asthma
KF Chung, PJ Barnes
Thorax 1999
Clinical outcomes of steroid-insensitive asthma
FS Wamboldt, JD Spahn, MD Klinnert, MZ Wamboldt, LA Gavin, SJ Szefler, DY Leung
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 1999
CORTICOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE ASTHMA
DY Leung, SJ Szefler
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 1999
CORTICOSTEROIDS IN THE TREATMENT OF SINUSITIS AND NASAL POLYPS
DL Hamilos
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 1999
Increased glucocorticoid receptor beta in airway cells of glucocorticoid-insensitive asthma
QA Hamid, SE Wenzel, PJ Hauk, A Tsicopoulos, B Wallaert, JJ Lafitte, GP Chrousos, SJ Szefler, DY Leung
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1999
The glucocorticoid receptor gene as a candidate for gene therapy in asthma
M Mathieu, C Gougat, D Jaffuel, M Danielsen, P Godard, J Bousquet, P Demoly
Gene Therapy 1999
Resistência a corticosteroides**Trabalho apresentado em painel sobre "Resistencia a Fármacos" no XIV Congresso de Pneumologia (Viseu, 10.11.98)
JP Mendes
Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia 1999
Hormone Resistance Syndromes
JL Jameson
1999
Glucocorticoid Resistance Caused by Reduced Expression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Cells From Human Vascular Lesions
PJ Bray, B Du, VM Mejia, SC Hao, E Deutsch, C Fu, RC Wilson, H Hanauske-Abel, TA McCaffrey
Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 1999
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Asthma
AP Sampson, MK Church
1999
Molecular Control of Immune/Inflammatory Responses: Interactions Between Nuclear Factor-κB and Steroid Receptor-Signaling Pathways
LI McKay, JA Cidlowski
Endocrine reviews 1999
Corticosteroid-resistant bronchial asthma is associated with increased c-fos expression in monocytes and T lymphocytes
SJ Lane, IM Adcock, D Richards, C Hawrylowicz, PJ Barnes, TH Lee
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1998
Asthma
NB Pride
Asthma 1998
New insights into steroid resistant asthma
DY Leung, SJ Szefler
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 1998
Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Resistant Asthmaa
DY Leung, M Castro, SJ Szefler, GP Chrousos
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1998
Comprehensive Asthma Management: Guidelines for Clinicians
JP Kemp
Journal of Asthma 1998
Inhibition of interleukin-5 mediated eosinophil viability by fluticasone 17-propionate: comparison with other glucocorticoids
Hagan, Kita, Gleich
Clinical & Experimental Allergy 1998
Corticosteroid responsiveness and the evolution of asthma
Chung
Clinical & Experimental Allergy 1998
Corticosteroid unresponsiveness in asthma: Primary or acquired?
DN Payne, M Hubbard, SA McKenzie
Pediatric Pulmonology 1998
Serum Cortisol in Asthma: Marker of Nocturnal Worsening of Sysmptoms and Lung Function?
M Kraft, J Pak, RJ Martin
Chronobiology International 1998
Glucocorticoid receptor expression in human bronchial epithelial cells: effects of smoking and COPD
MM Verheggen, PW Adriaansen-Soeting, CA Berrevoets, PT van Hal, AO Brinkmann, HC Hoogsteden, MA Versnel
Mediators of Inflammation 1998
Molecular Basis of Allergic Diseases
DY Leung
Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 1998
Glucocorticoids Inhibit Proliferation and Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-5 Secretion by Aeroallergen-Specific T-Helper Type 2 Cell Lines
IC Crocker, MK Church, S Newton, RG Townley
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 1998
Effects of dexamethasone on the profile of cytokine secretion in human whole blood cell cultures
D Franchimont, E Louis, W Dewe, H Martens, Y Vrindts-Gevaert, DD Groote, J Belaiche, V Geenen
Regulatory Peptides 1998
Fluticasone Propionate Results in Improved Glucocorticoid Receptor Binding Affinity and Reduced Oral Glucocorticoid Requirements in Severe Asthma
SR Nimmagadda, JD Spahn, HS Nelson, J Jenkins, SJ Szefler, DY Leung
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 1998
Asthma and Allergic Diseases
WJ Metzger, JA Nyce
Asthma and Allergic Diseases 1998
Climatic factors and climatic therapy in asthma
H Razzouk, B Blaive, O Massot, D Charpin, D Vervloet
Revue Française d'Allergologie et d'Immunologie Clinique 1998
Individual variations in lymphocyte-responses to glucocorticoids in patients with bronchial asthma: comparison of potencies for five glucocorticoids
T Hirano, M Homma, K Oka, H Tsushima, T Niitsuma, T Hayashi
Immunopharmacology 1998
Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Corticosteroids: New Developments
PJ Barnes, S Pedersen, WW Busse
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1998
Glucocorticoid Receptors in Bronchial Epithelial Cells in Asthma
I Vachier, G Chiappara, AM Vignola, R Gagliardo, E Altieri, B Térouanne, P Vic, J Bousquet, P Godard, P Chanez
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1998
Autoimmune Aspects of Lung Disease
DA Isenberg, SG Spiro
1998
Evaluation, Treatment, and Management of the Asthmatic Patient
SL Ruggiero
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 1998
Relationship between glucocorticoid receptor and response to glucocorticoid therapy in ulcerative colitis
T Shimada, N Hiwatashi, H Yamazaki, Y Kinouchi, T Toyota
Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 1997
Corticosteroid Resistance and Disease
R Derijk, EM Sternberg
Annals of Medicine 1997
Role of T cells in asthma
AB Kay
Allergology International 1997
Immunologic Basis of Chronic Allergic Diseases: Clinical Messages from the Laboratory Bench
DY Leung
Pediatric Research 1997
Psychoendocrinological Observations in Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain
C Heim, U Ehlert, J Rexhausen, JP Hanker, DH Hellhammer
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1997
Increased intra-abdominal fat deposition in patients with major depressive illness as measured by computed tomography
JH Thakore, PJ Richards, RH Reznek, A Martin, TG Dinan
Biological Psychiatry 1997
Topical glucocorticoid augments IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in Balb/C mice and mast cell deficient WBB6F1 v/v mice
I Katayama, K Igawa, K Minatohara, K Nishioka
Clinical & Experimental Allergy 1997
Topical glucocorticoid augments both allergic and non-allergic cutaneous reactions in mice when applied at the afferent stage of contact sensitivity
K Igawa, I Katayama, K Minatohara, T Satoh, H Yokozeki, K Nishioka
Allergology International 1997
New Insights into the Pathogenesis and Management of Steroid-Resistant Asthma
JD Spahn, DY Leung, SJ Szefler
Journal of Asthma 1997
Association of glucocorticoid insensitivity with increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor beta
DY Leung, Q Hamid, A Vottero, SJ Szefler, W Surs, E Minshall, GP Chrousos, DJ Klemm
Journal of Experimental Medicine 1997
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF STEROID-RESISTANT ASTHMA
DY Leung, SJ Szefler
Clinics in Chest Medicine 1997
Interleukin-2 and -4 induce resistance of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor to corticosteroids
S Larsson, R Brattsand, M Linden
European Journal of Pharmacology 1997
Association of Glucocorticoid Insensitivity with Increased Expression of Glucocorticoid Receptor  
DY Leung, Q Hamid, A Vottero, SJ Szefler, W Surs, E Minshall, GP Chrousos, DJ Klemm
Journal of Experimental Medicine 1997
The in vitro and in vivo effect of corticosteroides on basophi releasabihty in patients with mild and severe bronchial asthma
S Kivity, A Onn, O Agami, E Fireman
Clinical & Experimental Allergy 1997
Early parenteral corticosteroid administration in acute asthma
RY Lin, GR Pesola, RE Westfal, L Bakalchuk, CW Freyberg, D Cataquet, GT Heyl
The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 1997
Glucocorticoid-resistance in peripheral-blood lymphocytes does not correlate with number or affinity of glucocorticoid-receptors in chronic renal failure patients
T Hirano, A Horigome, K Oka, H Takeuchi, M Yoshida, E Sakurai, K Kozaki, N Matsuno, T Nagao, M Kozaki
Immunopharmacology 1997
Steroid Hormones and the T-Cell Cytokine Profile
GA Rook, S Lightman
1997
The Pediatric Lung
RW Wilmott
1997
Glucocorticoids and the Immune Function in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Study in Hypercortisolemic and Cortisol-Resistant Patients*
G Norbiato, M Bevilacqua, T Vago, A Taddei, M Clerici
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1997
Effects of prednisolone on bone turnover in patients with corticosteroid resistant asthma
SJ Lane, S Vaja, R Swaminathan, TH Lee
Clinical & Experimental Allergy 1996
Clinical aspects of glucocorticoid sensitivity
SW Lamberts, AT Huizenga, P Lange, FH Jong, JW Koper
Steroids 1996
Molecular basis of glucocorticoid-resistant syndromes
S Werner, M Brönnegård
Steroids 1996
Steroid-Resistant Asthma: Evaluation and Management
SR Nimmagadda, JD Spahn, DY Leung, SJ Szefler
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 1996
TREATMENT OF STEROID-RESISTANT ASTHMA
DK Ledford
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 1996
Induction of Corticosteroid Resistance In Vitro
DY Leung, JD Spahn, SR Nimmagadda, SJ Szefler
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1996
Molecular Mechanisms of Clucocorticoid Resistance/Hypersensitivity: Potential Clinical Implications
GP Chrousos, M Castro, DY Leung, E Webster, T Kino, C Bamberger, S Elliot, C Stratakis, M Karl
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1996
4. The Inflammatory Response
JA Denburg
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1996
Pathology of Mild, Severe, and Fatal Asthma
AB Kay
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1996
Glucocorticoid-resistant Asthma: T-lymphocyte Defects
CJ Corrigan
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1996
Current Management of Asthma Patients with Corticosteroid Resistance
WW Busse, K McGill, NN Jarjour
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1996
9. Why Does Asthma Become Persistent?
PJ Barnes, FW Liew
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1996
12. How Do Steroids Work?
RP Schleimer
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1996
Steroid Resistance in Asthma: Molecular Mechanisms
IM Adcock
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1996
Mecanismos de acción de los glucocorticoides. Aplicación al tratamiento de la inflamación respiratoria
J Mullol, L Pujols, C Picado
Archivos de Bronconeumología 1996
The Non-Ligand Binding β-Isoform of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor (hGRβ): Tissue Levels, Mechanism of Action, and Potential Physiologic Role
M de Castro, S Elliot, T Kino, C Bamberger, M Karl, E Webster, GP Chrousos
Molecular Medicine 1996
New Horizons in Allergy Immunotherapy
A Sehon, KT HayGlass, D Kraft
1996
Glucocorticoid receptor beta, a potential endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action in humans
CM Bamberger, AM Bamberger, M Castro, GP Chrousos
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995
The Glucocorticoid Receptor and RU 486 in Man
CM Bamberger, GP Chrousos
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1995
Down regulation of glucocorticoid receptor expressions in young patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome
Y Tunoda, T Yoshioka, N Iwamoto, H Shiraga, M Hattori, K Nomura, S Shimizu, R Kubota, Y Fukuda, H Kawaguchi, K Ito
Nihon Shoni Jinzobyo Gakkai Zasshi 1995
Anderson and Coyle reply
GP Anderson, AJ Coyle
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 1995
Dysregulation of interleukin 4, interleukin 5, and interferon gamma gene expression in steroid-resistant asthma
DY Leung, RJ Martin, SJ Szefler, ER Sher, S Ying, AB Kay, Q Hamid
Journal of Experimental Medicine 1995
Abnormal glucocorticoid receptor-activator protein 1 interaction in steroid-resistant asthma
IM Adcock, SJ Lane, CR Brown, TH Lee, PJ Barnes
Journal of Experimental Medicine 1995
Steroid-resistant asthma
DY Leung
The Western journal of medicine 1995
The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis and Immune-Mediated Inflammation
JS Flier, LH Underhill, GP Chrousos
New England Journal of Medicine 1995
Cushing's Syndrome
DN Orth
New England Journal of Medicine 1995
The genetic basis of glucocorticoid resistance
M Brönnegård, J Carlstedt-Duke
Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 1995
Management of Steroid-Resistant Asthma
LP Landwehr, JD Spahn, SJ Szefler, DY Leung
Clinical immunotherapeutics 1995
Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Asthma: Practical Recommendations
KA McGill, B Joseph, WW Busse
Clinical immunotherapeutics 1995
Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid resistance
PA Komesaroff, MC Zennaro
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 1995
Glucocorticoid Resistance in Asthma
PJ Barnes, AP Greening, GK Crompton
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1995
Effect of Saiboku-to (chai-pu-tang), a traditional herbal medicine, on the expression of tumor necrosis factor during late asthmatic response in guinea-pigs
Y Tanno, D Zhu, K Maeda, H Iijima, I Ohno, LH Pan, H Ohtani, H Nagura, K Shirato
International Journal of Immunopharmacology 1995
Glucocorticosteroid Resistance in Humans. Elucidation of the Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Pathophysiology
CA Stratakis, M Karl, HM Schulte, GP Chrousos
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1994
Coexistence of glucocorticoid receptor and pharmacokinetic abnormalities: Factors that contribute to a poor response to treatment with glucocorticoids in children with asthma
AK Kamada, JD Spahn, W Surs, E Brown, DY Leung, SJ Szefler
The Journal of Pediatrics 1994
Mechanisms of the Human Allergic Response: Clinical Implications
DY Leung
Pediatric Clinics of North America 1994
Pharmacogenetics
BM Watson
Anaesthesia 1969

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