Osmotic injury induced by rapid correction of severe chronic hyponatremia has been implicated in the development of central pontine myelinolysis. Organic osmolytes known previously as "idiogenic osmoles" accumulate intracellularly to protect cells from osmotic injury. We investigated the changes of these organic osmolytes as well as electrolytes in the brain during the induction and correction of chronic hyponatremia. Using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and HPLC, we found that in rats with chronic hyponatremia (3 d, serum sodium = 109 +/- 3 meq/liter), brain concentrations of myoinositol (41%), glycerophosphorylcholine (45%), phosphocreatine/creatine (60%), glutamate (53%), glutamine (45%), and taurine (37%) were all significantly decreased compared with control values (percentage control value shown, all P less than 0.01). The contribution of measured organic osmolytes and electrolytes to the total brain osmolality change was 23 and 72%, respectively. With rapid correction by 5% NaCl infusion, significant brain dehydration and elevation of brain Na and Cl levels above the normal range occurred at 24 h. These changes were not seen with slow correction by water deprivation. Reaccumulation of most organic osmolytes except glycerophosphorylcholine is delayed during the correction of hyponatremia and is independent of the correction rate of serum sodium. It is concluded that: most of the change of brain osmolality in chronic hyponatremia can be accounted by the changes in organic osmolytes and brain electrolytes; and rapid correction of hyponatremia is associated with an overshoot of brain sodium and chloride levels along with a low organic osmolyte level. The high cerebral ion concentrations in the absence of adequate concentrations of organic osmolytes may be relevant to the development of central pontine myelinolysis.
Y H Lien, J I Shapiro, L Chan
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CW Lee, JH Lee, JJ Kim, SW Park, MK Hong, ST Kim, TH Lim, SJ Park |
Journal of the American College of Cardiology | 1999 |
Amino acid efflux and cell volume regulation in cerebrocortical minislices prepared from chronically hyponatraemic and hypernatraemic rats
RO Law |
Neurochemistry International | 1999 |
Leukoencephalopathy associated with a disturbance in the metabolism of polyols
MS van der Knaap, RA Wevers, EA Struys, NM Verhoeven, PJ Pouwels, UF Engelke, W Feikema, J Valk, C Jakobs |
Annals of Neurology | 1999 |
Effect of Dibutyryl Cyclic AMP on the Kinetics of myo-Inositol Transport in Cultured Astrocytes
RE Isaacks, AS Bender, JS Reuben, CY Kim, YF Shi, MD Norenberg |
Journal of Neurochemistry | 1999 |
Treatment of central pontine myelinolysis with therapeutic plasmapheresis
D Bibl, C Lampl, C Gabriel, G Jüngling, H Brock, G Köstler |
The Lancet | 1999 |
Homonuclear uncoupled 1H-spectroscopy of the human brain using weighted accumulation schemes
B Kühn, W Dreher, D Leibfritz, M Heller |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1999 |
Brain Adaptation to Water Loading in Rabbits as Assessed by NMR Relaxometry
Z Vajda, E Berényi, P Bogner, I Repa, T Dóczi, E Sulyok |
Pediatric Research | 1999 |
Treatment of Sodium Balance Disorders
SM Angelos, DC van Metre |
Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice | 1999 |
Developmental changes in choline- and ethanolamine-containing compounds measured with proton-decoupled31P MRS in in vivo human brain
S Blml, KJ Seymour, BD Ross |
Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine | 1999 |
Progressive Changes in Cortical Water and Electrolyte Content at Three Stages of Rat Infantile Hydrocephalus and the Effect of Shunt Treatment
HC Jones, RW Andersohn |
Experimental Neurology | 1998 |
Dissimilar Effects of Lithium and Valproic Acid on GABA and Glutamine Concentrations in Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid
C Vargas, M Tannhauser, HM Barros |
General Pharmacology: The Vascular System | 1998 |
Functional Significance of Cell Volume Regulatory Mechanisms
F Lang, GL Busch, M Ritter, H Völkl, S Waldegger, E Gulbins, D Häussinger |
Physiological reviews | 1998 |
Critical Care Nephrology
C Ronco, R Bellomo |
1998 | |
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) Syndrome
D Gravenstein |
Anesthesia & Analgesia | 1997 |
Localized in vivo H-MRS of traumatic brain injury
M Zampolini, R Tarducci, G Gobbi, M Franceschini, E Todeschini, O Presciutti |
European Journal of Neurology | 1997 |
Progressive Changes in Cortical Metabolites at Three Stages of Infantile Hydrocephalus Studied byIn VitroNMR Spectroscopy
H Jones, N Harris, J Rocca, R Andersohn |
Journal of Neurotrauma | 1997 |
Cerebral abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging: Cerebral abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging
A Geissler, G Lock, R Fründ, P Held, S Hollerbach, T Andus, J Schölmerich, S Feuerbach, A Holstege |
Hepatology | 1997 |
Neurochemistry
A Teelken, J Korf |
Neurochemistry International | 1997 |
Volume regulation in brain cells: Cellular and molecular mechanisms
H Pasantes-Morales |
Metabolic Brain Disease | 1996 |
Dialysis and transplantation affect cerebral abnormalities of end-stage renal disease
T Michaelis, JS Videen, MS Linsey, BD Ross |
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1996 |
Brain swelling after dialysis: Old urea or New Osmoles?
SM Silver, RH Sterns, ML Halperin |
American Journal of Kidney Diseases | 1996 |
Depletion of glutathione from brain cells in hyponatremia
EC Clark, D Thomas, J Baer, RH Sterns |
Kidney International | 1996 |
New aspects of brain physiology
BD Ross, S Blüml |
NMR in Biomedicine | 1996 |
Neuronal and glial handling of glutamate and glutamine during hypoosmotic stress: A biochemical and quantitative immunocytochemical analysis using the rat cerebellum as a model
EA Nagelhus, A Lehmann, OP Ottersen |
Neuroscience | 1996 |
Expression of Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter mRNA in normal and hypertonic stress rat eyes
H Morimura, S Shimada, Y Otori, A Yamauchi, Y Minami, K Inoue, A Miyai, I Ishimoto, Y Tano, M Tohyama |
Molecular Brain Research | 1996 |
Volume regulation and the efflux of amino acids from cells in incubated slices of rat cerebral cortex. I. Characteristics of transport mechanisms
RO Law |
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research | 1996 |
Glutamine, myo -inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: Implications for ammonia-induced brain edema: Glutamine, myo -inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: Implications for ammonia-induced brain edema
J Córdoba, J Gottstein, AT Blei |
Hepatology | 1996 |
Osmotic Demyelirtation Syndrome in a Patient with Pituitary Apoplexy
WP Rennert |
Clinical Pediatrics | 1996 |
Central pontine myelinolysis: clinical presentation and radiologic findings
J Laubenberger, B Schneider, O Ansorge, F Gtz, D Hussinger, B Volk, M Langer |
European Radiology | 1996 |
Measuring intracerebral osmolytes in hyponatremic disorders
I Kurtz |
Journal of Clinical Investigation | 1995 |
Human cerebral osmolytes during chronic hyponatremia. A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
JS Videen, T Michaelis, P Pinto, BD Ross |
Journal of Clinical Investigation | 1995 |
Role of organic osmolytes in myelinolysis. A topographic study in rats after rapid correction of hyponatremia
YH Lien |
Journal of Clinical Investigation | 1995 |
Role of Increased Cerebralmyo-Inositol in the Dementia of Down Syndrome
T Shonk, BD Ross |
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine | 1995 |
Central pontine myelinolysis as a complication of partial ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency
LR Mattson, NM Lindor, DH Goldman, JT Goodwin, RV Groover, J Vockley |
American Journal of Medical Genetics | 1995 |
Central pontine myelinolysis following ‘slow’ correction of hyponatremia
S Pradhan, R Jha, M Singh, S Gupta, R Phadke, V Kher |
Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery | 1995 |
Effect of rapid correction of hyponatremia on the blood-brain barrier of rats
S Adler, JG Verbalis, D Williams |
Brain Research | 1995 |
Sodium and Water Homeostasis
H Trachtman |
Pediatric Clinics of North America | 1995 |
Prevention of brain demyelination in rats after excessive correction of chronic hyponatremia by serum sodium lowering
A Soupart, R Penninckx, L Crenier, A Stenuit, O Perier, G Decaux |
Kidney International | 1994 |
Scyllo-inositol depletion in hepatic encephalopathy
YH Lien, T Michaelis, RA Moats, BD Ross |
Life Sciences | 1994 |
Myélinolyse centropontine: à propos d'une forme paucisymptomatique
P Meyer, P Jouanny, MC Laurain, PE Bollaërt, M Braun, JP Mallié, C Jeandel |
La Revue de Médecine Interne | 1994 |
Effects of extracellular bicarbonate ions and pH on volume-regulatory taurine efflux from rat cerebral cortical slices in vitro: evidence for separate neutral and anionic transport mechanisms
RO Law |
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research | 1994 |
Osmotic regulation ofmyo-inositol uptake in primary astrocyte cultures
RE Isaacks, AS Bender, CY Kim, NM Prieto, MD Norenberg |
Neurochemical Research | 1994 |
Rapid correction of hyponatremia produces differential effects on brain osmolyte and electrolyte reaccumulation in rats
JG Verbalis, SR Gullans |
Brain Research | 1993 |
Perturbations in Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
MV DeVita, MF Michelis |
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine | 1993 |
Maintenance of cell volume in the central nervous system
K Strange |
Pediatric Nephrology | 1993 |
In vivo31P NMR study of early cellular responses to hyperosmotic shock in cultured glioma cells
YH Lien, HZ Zhou, C Job, JA Barry, RJ Gillies |
Biochimie | 1992 |
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS) in the rat: Role of the “reverse urea effect”
SM Silver, JA DeSimone, DA Smith, RH Sterns |
Kidney International | 1992 |
Osmotic shifts, metabolic compromise, and the vulnerability of the pons
AC McKee |
The Western journal of medicine | 1992 |
Treatment of chronic hyponatremia in rats by intravenous saline: Comparison of rate versus magnitude of correction
A Soupart, R Penninckx, A Stenuit, O Perier, G Decaux |
Kidney International | 1992 |
Cell volume regulation: a review of cerebral adaptive mechanisms and implications for clinical treatment of osmolal disturbances: II
H Trachtman |
Pediatric Nephrology | 1992 |
Hyponatremia: pathophysiology and treatment, a pediatric perspective
AB Gruskin, A Sarnaik |
Pediatric Nephrology | 1992 |