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Citations to this article

Pretranslational suppression of a glucose transporter protein causes insulin resistance in adipocytes from patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.
W T Garvey, … , J M Molina, T P Ciaraldi
W T Garvey, … , J M Molina, T P Ciaraldi
Published March 1, 1991
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1991;87(3):1072-1081. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI115068.
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Research Article

Pretranslational suppression of a glucose transporter protein causes insulin resistance in adipocytes from patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.

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Abstract

A major portion of insulin-mediated glucose uptake occurs via the translocation of GLUT 4 glucose transporter proteins from an intracellular depot to the plasma membrane. We have examined gene expression for the GLUT 4 transporter isoform in subcutaneous adipocytes, a classic insulin target cell, to better understand molecular mechanisms causing insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and obesity. In subgroups of lean (body mass index [BMI] = 24 +/- 1) and obese (BMI = 32 +/- 2) controls and in obese NIDDM (BMI = 35 +/- 2) patients, the number of GLUT 4 glucose transporters was measured in total postnuclear and subcellular membrane fractions using specific antibodies on Western blots. Relative to lean controls, the cellular content of GLUT 4 was decreased 40% in obesity and 85% in NIDDM in total cellular membranes. In obesity, cellular depletion of GLUT 4 primarily involved low density microsomes (LDM), leaving fewer transporters available for insulin-mediated recruitment to the plasma membrane (PM). In NIDDM, loss of GLUT 4 was profound in all membrane subfractions, PM, LDM, as well as high density microsomes. These observations corresponded with decrements in maximally stimulated glucose transport rates in intact cells. To assess mechanisms responsible for depletion of GLUT 4, we quantitated levels of mRNA specifically hybridizing with human GLUT 4 cDNA on Northern blots. In obesity, GLUT 4 mRNA was decreased 36% compared with lean controls, and the level was well correlated (r = + 0.77) with the cellular content of GLUT 4 protein over a wide spectrum of body weight. GLUT 4 mRNA in adipocytes from NIDDM patients was profoundly reduced by 86% compared with lean controls and by 78% relative to their weight-matched nondiabetic counterparts (whether expressed per RNA, per cell, or for the amount of CHO-B mRNA). Interestingly, GLUT 4 mRNA levels in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (BMI = 34 +/- 4) were decreased to the same level as in overt NIDDM. We conclude that, in obesity, insulin resistance in adipocytes is due to depletion of GLUT 4 glucose transporters, and that the cellular content of GLUT 4 is determined by the level of encoding mRNA over a wide range of body weight. In NIDDM, more profound insulin resistance is caused by a further reduction in GLUT 4 mRNA and protein than is attributable to obesity per se. Suppression of GLUT 4 mRNA is observed in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, and therefore, may occur early in the evolution of diabetes. Thus, pretranslational suppression of GLUT 4 transporter gene expression may be an important mechanism that produces and maintains cellular insulin resistance in NIDDM.

Authors

W T Garvey, L Maianu, T P Huecksteadt, M J Birnbaum, J M Molina, T P Ciaraldi

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ME Tejero, JM Proffitt, SA Cole, JH Freeland-Graves, G Cai, KW Peebles, LA Cox, MC Mahaney, J Rogers, JL VandeBerg, J Blangero, AG Comuzzie
Obesity research 2004
Involvement of SSAO-mediated deamination in adipose glucose transport and weight gain in obese diabetic KKAy mice
PH Yu, M Wang, H Fan, Y Deng, D Gubisne-Haberle
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2004
Abnormal subcellular distribution of GLUT4 protein in obese and insulin-treated diabetic female dogs
AM Vargas, RP Barros, RA Zampieri, MM Okamoto, PC Papa, UF Machado
Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira de Biofisica ... [et al.] 2004
International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus
RA DeFronzo, L Mandarino, E Ferrannini
International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus 2003
The effect of hyperglycaemia on glucose disposal and insulin signal transduction in skeletal muscle
JR Zierath, Y Kawano
Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2003
Insulin Resistant States and Insulin Signaling
P Vollenweider
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2003
Insulin and dexamethasone induce GLUT4 gene expression in foetal brown adipocytes: synergistic effect through CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha
R Hernandez, T Teruel, M Lorenzo
Biochemical Journal 2003
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity in human adipocytes is strongly correlated with insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and is a target of insulin-induced oxidative inhibition
X Wu, VE Hardy, JI Joseph, S Jabbour, K Mahadev, L Zhu, BJ Goldstein
Metabolism 2003
Regulatory sequence elements of mouse GLUT4 gene expression in adipose tissues
S Miura, N Tsunoda, S Ikeda, Y Kai, M Ono, K Maruyama, M Takahashi, K Mochida, J Matsuda, MD Lane, O Ezaki
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2003
Insulin resistance: From predisposing factor to therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes
RR Henry
Clinical Therapeutics 2003
Tiazolidinadionas: efecto de la pioglitazona sobre la hiperglucemia, la dislipidemia y el riesgo cardiovascular
MH Tan
Revista Clínica Española 2003
Expression of the Insulin-responsive Glucose Transporter GLUT4 in Adipocytes Is Dependent on Liver X Receptor α
KT Dalen, SM Ulven, K Bamberg, JÅ Gustafsson, HI Nebb
The Journal of biological chemistry 2003
Peripheral insulin resistance develops in transgenic rats overexpressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in the kidney
BJ Lamont, S Andrikopoulos, A Funkat, J Favaloro, JM Ye, EW Kraegen, KF Howlett, JD Zajac, J Proietto
Diabetologia 2003
Identifying the links between obesity, insulin resistance and beta-cell function: potential role of adipocyte-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes
AS Greenberg, ML McDaniel
European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2002
Insulin Resistance and Insulin Resistance Syndrome
A Cincotta
Insulin Resistance and Insulin Resistance Syndrome 2002
Sustained Exposure of L6 Myotubes to High Glucose and Insulin Decreases Insulin-Stimulated GLUT4 Translocation but Upregulates GLUT4 Activity
C Huang, R Somwar, N Patel, W Niu, D Torok, A Klip
Diabetes 2002
Effect of the ovarian hormones on GLUT4 expression and contraction-stimulated glucose uptake
SE Campbell, MA Febbraio
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2002
Inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis causes insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
LH Chamberlain
FEBS Letters 2001
Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease
JM Ordovas
Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease 2001
Whole-body and adipose tissue glucose metabolism in response to short-term fasting in lean and obese women
JF Horowitz, SW Coppack, S Klein
The American journal of clinical nutrition 2001
Regulation by Insulin of Gene Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue: Evidence for Specific Defects in Type 2 Diabetes
PH Ducluzeau, N Perretti, M Laville, F Andreelli, N Vega, JP Riou, H Vidal
Diabetes 2001
Insulin can enhance GLUT4 gene expression in 3T3-F442A cells and this effect is mimicked by vanadate but counteracted by cAMP and high glucose--potential implications for insulin resistance
Z W Yu, J Burén, S Enerbäck, E Nilsson, L Samuelsson, J W Eriksson
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2001
Ganglioside GM3 Participates in the Pathological Conditions of Insulin Resistance
S Tagami, J Inokuchi, K Kabayama, H Yoshimura, F Kitamura, S Uemura, C Ogawa, A Ishii, M Saito, Y Ohtsuka, S Sakaue, Y Igarashi
The Journal of biological chemistry 2001
Olf-1/Early B Cell Factor Is a Regulator of glut4 Gene Expression in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
P Dowell, DW Cooke
The Journal of biological chemistry 2001
Resting leptin responses to acute and chronic resistance training in type 2 diabetic men and women
JA Kanaley, LM Fenicchia, CS Miller, LL Ploutz-Synder, RS Weinstock, R Carhart, JL Azevedo
International Journal of Obesity 2001
Adipocytes Exhibit Abnormal Subcellular Distribution and Translocation of Vesicles Containing Glucose Transporter 4 and Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications Regarding Defects in Vesicle Trafficking
L Maianu, SR Keller, WT Garvey
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2001
The effects of insulin and beta-adrenergic stimulation on glucose transport, glut 4 and PKB activation in the myocardium of lean and obese non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus rats
B Huisamen, M van Zyl, A Keyser, A Lochner
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2001
Regulation of Glucose Transporters - Implications for Insulin Resistance States
A Tirosh, A Rudich, N Bashan
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-Induced Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes
C Qi, PH Pekala
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 2000
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes
C Qi, PH Pekala
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 2000
Papel del factor de necrosis tumoral en el control de las reservas grasas y la obesidad
MB Bonet, P García-Lorda, J Salas-Salvadó, JM Argilés
Medicina Clínica 2000
Identification of a 30-Base Pair Regulatory Element and Novel DNA Binding Protein That Regulates the Human GLUT4 Promoter in Transgenic Mice
KM Oshel, JB Knight, KT Cao, MV Thai, AL Olson
The Journal of biological chemistry 2000
Insulin-Mediated Cellular Insulin Resistance Decreases Osmotic Shock-Induced Glucose Transport in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes**This work was supported by NIH Grant DK-33651 and the Veterans Administration Medical Research Service. Andrej Janez was supported by a grant from Slovenian Ministry of Science and Technology (sklad za mlade raziskovalce)
A Janez, DS Worrall, JM Olefsky
Endocrinology 2000
Obesity: Pathology and Therapy
DH Lockwood, TC Heffner
2000
Glucose transporters: Structure, function and consequences of deficiency
GK Brown
Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 2000
APPLICATIONS OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY TO STUDY MUSCLE GLYCOGEN METABOLISM IN MAN
MR MD, GI PhD
Annual Review of Medicine 1999
Regulation of Gene Expression by Activation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ with Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) in Human Adipocytes
J Rieusset, J Auwerx, H Vidal
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1999
Time-dependent and tissue-specific effects of circulating glucose on fetal ovine glucose transporters
UG Das, RE Schroeder, WW Hay, SU Devaskar
American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 1999
Opposite Translational Control of GLUT1 and GLUT4 Glucose Transporter mRNAs in Response to Insulin: ROLE OF MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN, PROTEIN KINASE B, AND PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE IN GLUT1 mRNA TRANSLATION
C Taha, Z Liu, J Jin, H Al-Hasani, N Sonenberg, A Klip
The Journal of biological chemistry 1999
Impaired Glucose Transporter Activity in Pressure-Overload Hypertrophy Is an Early Indicator of Progression to Failure
I Friehs, AM Moran, C Stamm, SD Colan, K Takeuchi, H Cao-Danh, CM Rader, FX McGowan, PJ del Nido
Circulation 1999
Five-hour fatty acid elevation increases muscle lipids and impairs glycogen synthesis in the rat
BB Kahn
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1998
Evidence for defects in the trafficking and translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters in skeletal muscle as a cause of human insulin resistance
WT Garvey, L Maianu, JH Zhu, G Brechtel-Hook, P Wallace, AD Baron
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1998
Insulin action and insulin resistance: diseases involving defects in insulin receptors, signal transduction, and the glucose transport effector system
S Hunter
The American Journal of Medicine 1998
TRANSGENIC MICE IN THE ANALYSIS OF METABOLIC REGULATION
F Bosch, A Pujol, A Valera
Annual Review of Nutrition 1998
Five-hour fatty acid elevation increases muscle lipids and impairs glycogen synthesis in the rat
BB Kahn
Metabolism 1998
Five-hour fatty acid elevation increases muscle lipids and impairs glycogen synthesis in the rat
BB Kahn
Metabolism 1998
Searching for Ways to Upregulate GLUT4 Glucose Transporter Expression in Muscle
A Zorzano, T Santalucia, M Palacı́n, A Gumà, M Camps
General Pharmacology: The Vascular System 1998
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)-binding site is required for GLUT4 gene expression in transgenic mice. Regulation of MEF2 DNA binding activity in insulin-deficient diabetes
MV Thai, S Guruswamy, KT Cao, JE Pessin, AL Olson
The Journal of biological chemistry 1998
Les transporteurs d'hexoses chez l'homme: leur rôle dans l'insulinosensibilité des tissus périphériques
JP Bastard, C Jardel, M Guerre-Millo, B Hainque
La Revue de Médecine Interne 1998
A Sequence Element in the GLUT4 Gene That Mediates Repression by Insulin
DW Cooke, MD Lane
The Journal of biological chemistry 1998
Transportadores de glicose
UF Machado
Arquivos brasileiros de endocrinologia e metabologia 1998
The Relationship between Body Mass Index and Coronary Risk Factors
T YONEDA, H KAWAKAMI, A KITA, S TAGASHIRA, M MATSUURA, Y MATSUOKA
SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI 1998
Principles of Perinatal—Neonatal Metabolism
RM Cowett
1998
Insulin Action
AK Srivastava, BI Posner
1998
Insulin action in skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM
J R Zierath, A Krook, H Wallberg-Henriksson
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 1998
Regulated Expression of 5′-Deleted Mouse GLUT4 Minigenes in Transgenic Mice: Effects of Exercise Training and High-Fat Diet
N Tsunoda, DW Cooke, S Ikemoto, K Maruyama, M Takahashi, MD Lane, O Ezaki
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1997
Regulatory Elements in the Insulin-Responsive Glucose Transporter (GLUT4) Gene
O Ezaki
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1997
Exercise in transgenic mice overexpressing GLUT4 glucose transporters: Effects on substrate metabolism and glycogen regulation
S Bao, WT Garvey
Metabolism 1997
The Use of the Reverse Transcription-Competitive Polymerase Chain Reaction to Investigate thein VivoRegulation of Gene Expression in Small Tissue Samples
D Auboeuf, H Vidal
Analytical Biochemistry 1997
Molecular analysis of insulin resistance in isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes of obese Zucker rats
AL Olson, JE Pessin
The American journal of physiology 1997
Insulin-stimulated Glut 4 translocation in human skeletal muscle: a quantitative confocal microscopical assessment
S C Watkins, A Frederickson, R Theriault, M Korytkowski, D S Turner, D E Kelley
The Histochemical Journal 1997
Insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
AA Alzaid
Acta Diabetologica 1996
Lipid mediators of insulin resistance: ceramide signalling down-regulates GLUT4 gene transcription in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
SD Long, PH Pekala
Biochemical Journal 1996
Hormonal regulation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter, GLUT4: some recent advances
C Livingstone, FJ Thomson, MI Arbuckle, IW Campbell, TJ Jess, S Kane, C Moyes, LM Porter, JE Rice, MJ Seatter, GW Gould
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 1996
Insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A review
AA Alzaid
Acta Diabetologica 1996
FAT CELLS
TG Ramsay
Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America 1996
The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase
PA Kern, M Saghizadeh, JM Ong, RJ Bosch, R Deem, RB Simsolo
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995
High fat diet-induced hyperglycemia: prevention by low level expression of a glucose transporter (GLUT4) minigene in transgenic mice
S Ikemoto, KS Thompson, M Takahashi, H Itakura, MD Lane, O Ezaki
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1995
Expression of an insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) minigene in transgenic mice: effect of exercise and role in glucose homeostasis
S Ikemoto, KS Thompson, H Itakura, MD Lane, O Ezaki
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1995
Regulation of glucose transport in cultured muscle cells by novel hypoglycemic agents
TP Ciaraldi, K Huber-Knudsen, M Hickman, JM Olefsky
Metabolism 1995
The estrogen connection: The etiological relationship between diabetes, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and psychiatric disorders
RJ Holden
Medical Hypotheses 1995
Transgenic GLUT-4 overexpression in fat enhances glucose metabolism: preferential effect on fatty acid synthesis
E Tozzo, PR Shepherd, L Gnudi, BB Kahn
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 1995
Insulin Resistance in Diabetes Mellitus
C Livingstone, GW Gould
Scottish Medical Journal 1995
A Novel Adrenaline Derivative, AZ002, and Its Hypoglycemic Action in Yellow KK Mice
Y Hioki, Y Itoh, A Nakajima, T Fukuroda, H Ohasi, T Kamei, M Yano
The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 1995
The Effects of Brefeldin A on the Glucose Transport System in Rat Adipocytes
S Bao, RM Smith, L Jarett, WT Garvey
The Journal of biological chemistry 1995
Reduced tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor in obesity-diabetes. Central role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha
GS Hotamisligil, A Budavari, D Murray, BM Spiegelman
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1994
Facilitative glucose transporters
M MUECKLER
European Journal of Biochemistry 1994
Reduced content and preserved translocation of glucose transporter (GLUT 4) in white adipose tissue of obese mice
UF Machado, I Shimizu, M Saito
Physiology & Behavior 1994
Decreased expression of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter mRNA (GLUT-4) in adipose tissue of non-insulin-dependent diabetic and obese patients: Evaluation by a simplified quantitative PCR assay
G Giacchetti, E Faloia, A Taccaliti, PP Morosini, G Arnaldi, F Soletti, F Mantero, D Accili, RD Pirro
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 1994
1 Insulin action, thermogenesis and obesity
GJ Cooney, LH Storlien
Baillière's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1994
Percutaneous Adipose Tissue Biopsy by Mini-Liposuction for Metabolic Studies
JP Bastard, J Cuevas, S Cohen, C Jardel, B Hainque
JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition 1994
Expression of human GLUT4 in mice results in increased insulin action
RO Deems, JL Evans, R W., CM Honer, DT Chu, K Brki, WS Fillers, DK Cohen, DA Young
Diabetologia 1994
EJB Reviews 1994
P Christen, E Hofmann
1994
Arachidonic acid down-regulates the insulin-dependent glucose transporter gene (GLUT4) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting transcription and enhancing mRNA turnover
PW Tebbey, KM McGowan, JM Stephens, TM Buttke, PH Pekala
The Journal of biological chemistry 1994
Enhanced peripheral glucose utilization in transgenic mice expressing the human GLUT4 gene
JL Treadway, DM Hargrove, NA Nardone, RK McPherson, JF Russo, AJ Milici, HA Stukenbrok, EM Gibbs, RW Stevenson, JE Pessin
The Journal of biological chemistry 1994
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) binding site is essential for C2C12 myotube-specific expression of the rat GLUT4/muscle-adipose facilitative glucose transporter gene
ML Liu, AL Olson, NP Edgington, WS Moye-Rowley, JE Pessin
The Journal of biological chemistry 1994
Transmembrane glucose transport in skeletal muscle of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes
RC Bonadonna, SD Prato, MP Saccomani, E Bonora, G Gulli, E Ferrannini, D Bier, C Cobelli, RA DeFronzo
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1993
Transgenic mice expressing the human GLUT4/muscle-fat facilitative glucose transporter protein exhibit efficient glycemic control
ML Liu, EM Gibbs, SC McCoid, AJ Milici, HA Stukenbrok, RK McPherson, JL Treadway, JE Pessin
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1993
The glucose transporter family: structure, function and tissue-specific expression
GW Gould, GD Holman
Biochemical Journal 1993
Insulin down-regulates expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene: effects on transcription and mRNA turnover
JR Flores-Riveros, JC McLenithan, O Ezaki, MD Lane
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1993
Regulated expression of an insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) minigene in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and transgenic mice
O Ezaki, JR Flores-Riveros, KH Kaestner, J Gearhart, MD Lane
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1993
Muscle group-specific regulation of GLUT 4 glucose transporters in control, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats
DS Hardin, JH Dominguez, WT Garvey
Metabolism 1993
Mammalian passive glucose transporters: members of an ubiquitous family of active and passive transport proteins
SA Baldwin
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes 1993
1 Cellular insulin action and insulin resistance
WT Garvey, MJ Birnbaum
Baillière's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1993
4 In vivo glucose transport in human skeletal muscle: tools, problems and perspectives
RC Bonadonna, MP Saccomani, C Cobelli
Baillière's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1993
GLUT-4 content in plasma membrane of muscle from patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
S Lund, H Vestergaard, PH Andersen, O Schmitz, LB Gotzsche, O Pedersen
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 1993
Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: decreased expression of GLUT-4 glucose transporters in adipocytes
D Rosenbaum, RS Haber, A Dunaif
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 1993
The case for metabolic hypertension: Is it time to restructure the hypertension paradigm?
PE Pool
Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 1993
New Concepts in the Pathogenesis of NIDDM
CG Östenson, S Efendić, M Vranic
1993
Diabetes und Angiopathie
C Hasslacher, E Spanuth
1993
Adipose cell hyperplasia and enhanced glucose disposal in transgenic mice overexpressing GLUT4 selectively in adipose tissue
PR Shepherd, L Gnudi, E Tozzo, H Yang, F Leach, BB Kahn
The Journal of biological chemistry 1993
GLUT-4 and GLUT-1 glucose transporter expression is differentially regulated by contractile activity in skeletal muscle
A Castelló, J Cadefau, R Cussó, X Testar, JE Hesketh, M Palacín, A Zorzano
The Journal of biological chemistry 1993
Restoration of insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle of morbidly obese patients after weight loss. Effect on muscle glucose transport and glucose transporter GLUT4
JE Friedman, GL Dohm, N Leggett-Frazier, CW Elton, EB Tapscott, WP Pories, JF Caro
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1992
Alterations in glucose transporter expression and function in diabetes: Mechanisms for insulin resistance
BB Kahn
Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 1992
Central obesity and hyperinsulinaemia in women are associated with polymorphism in the 5‘ flanking region of the human insulin gene
JU Weaver, PG Kopelman, GA Hitman
European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1992
Cardiovascular abnormalities associated with human and rodent obesity
DJ Paulson, AG Tahiliani
Life Sciences 1992
Expression and regulation of the human GLUT4/muscle-fat facilitative glucose transporter gene in transgenic mice
ML Liu, AL Olson, WS Moye-Rowley, JB Buse, GI Bell, JE Pessin
The Journal of biological chemistry 1992
International Review of Cytology
RA Miller
International Review of Cytology 1991
Proceedings of the 1990 Laurentian Hormone Conference
AE Boyd, L Aguilar-Bryan, J Bryan, DL Kunze, L Moss, DA Nelson, AS Rajan, H Raef, H Xiang, GC Yaney
Proceedings of the 1990 Laurentian Hormone Conference 1991
Insulin transport across capillaries is rate limiting for insulin action in dogs
YJ Yang, ID Hope, M Ader, RN Bergman
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1989
Insulin transport across capillaries is rate limiting for insulin action in dogs
YJ Yang, ID Hope, M Ader, RN Bergman
New England Journal of Medicine 1989
Insulin Resistance
A Voll, J Kloster
Acta Medica Scandinavica 1957

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