Go to JCI Insight
  • About
  • Editors
  • Consulting Editors
  • For authors
  • Publication ethics
  • Publication alerts by email
  • Advertising
  • Job board
  • Contact
  • Clinical Research and Public Health
  • Current issue
  • Past issues
  • By specialty
    • COVID-19
    • Cardiology
    • Gastroenterology
    • Immunology
    • Metabolism
    • Nephrology
    • Neuroscience
    • Oncology
    • Pulmonology
    • Vascular biology
    • All ...
  • Videos
    • Conversations with Giants in Medicine
    • Video Abstracts
  • Reviews
    • View all reviews ...
    • Complement Biology and Therapeutics (May 2025)
    • Evolving insights into MASLD and MASH pathogenesis and treatment (Apr 2025)
    • Microbiome in Health and Disease (Feb 2025)
    • Substance Use Disorders (Oct 2024)
    • Clonal Hematopoiesis (Oct 2024)
    • Sex Differences in Medicine (Sep 2024)
    • Vascular Malformations (Apr 2024)
    • View all review series ...
  • Viewpoint
  • Collections
    • In-Press Preview
    • Clinical Research and Public Health
    • Research Letters
    • Letters to the Editor
    • Editorials
    • Commentaries
    • Editor's notes
    • Reviews
    • Viewpoints
    • 100th anniversary
    • Top read articles

  • Current issue
  • Past issues
  • Specialties
  • Reviews
  • Review series
  • Conversations with Giants in Medicine
  • Video Abstracts
  • In-Press Preview
  • Clinical Research and Public Health
  • Research Letters
  • Letters to the Editor
  • Editorials
  • Commentaries
  • Editor's notes
  • Reviews
  • Viewpoints
  • 100th anniversary
  • Top read articles
  • About
  • Editors
  • Consulting Editors
  • For authors
  • Publication ethics
  • Publication alerts by email
  • Advertising
  • Job board
  • Contact

Citations to this article

Transplacental immunization of the human fetus to tetanus by immunization of the mother.
T J Gill 3rd, … , D S Thompson, A L Cortese
T J Gill 3rd, … , D S Thompson, A L Cortese
Published September 1, 1983
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 1983;72(3):987-996. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI111071.
View: Text | PDF
Research Article Article has an altmetric score of 3

Transplacental immunization of the human fetus to tetanus by immunization of the mother.

  • Text
  • PDF
Abstract

Experimental studies in rats showed that immunization of the pregnant female led to the transplacental immunization of her fetuses. The possibility that this also occurred in humans was explored by immunizing 42 pregnant women with tetanus toxoid (2.5 or 5 Lf) in the fifth and eighth months of pregnancy and comparing the immune responses of their offspring with the responses of the offspring of 25 unimmunized mothers. Only the offspring of the immunized mothers were sensitized to tetanus. IgM antitetanus antibodies were in their blood before immunization with diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus vaccine (DPT), they had a more rapid (P less than 0.01) response to DPT immunization, and they were still highly sensitized (P less than 0.01) to tetanus 13 mo after birth. In addition, pregnancy had no immunosuppressive effect (P less than 0.05) on the responses of the mothers to tetanus toxoid. Thus, transplacental immunization occurs in humans; it enhances the response of the offspring to subsequent immunization, and it could be used to circumvent the necessity for immunization in early neonatal life.

Authors

T J Gill 3rd, C F Repetti, L A Metlay, B S Rabin, F H Taylor, D S Thompson, A L Cortese

×

Total citations by year

Year: 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1964 Total
Citations: 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 1 2 2 3 6 2 5 3 6 5 6 4 2 1 7 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 1 6 2 1 112
Citation information
This citation data is accumulated from CrossRef, which receives citation information from participating publishers, including this journal. Not all publishers participate in CrossRef, so this information is not comprehensive. Additionally, data may not reflect the most current citations to this article, and the data may differ from citation information available from other sources (for example, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus).

Citations to this article (112)

Title and authors Publication Year
From Womb to World: Exploring the Immunological Connections between Mother and Child
Cherayil BJ, Jain N
ImmunoHorizons 2024
Deciphering the Role of Maternal Microchimerism in Offspring Autoimmunity: A Narrative Review
Mpakosi A, Sokou R, Theodoraki M, Iacovidou N, Cholevas V, Kaliouli-Antonopoulou C
Medicina 2024
Antitetanus toxoid antibodies in mothers and neonates: a single-centre study from Uganda.
Mugagga N, Bagaya BS, Nantongo M, Muwanda F, Mukunya D, Musaba MW, Nakimuli AO, Musooko M, Sekikubo M
BMJ paediatrics open 2023
Protecting the Offspring, the Gift of Maternal Immunization: Current Status and Future Perspectives.
Lagousi T, Gkentzi D, Geropeppa M, Tsagkli P, Spoulou V
Human vaccines 2022
Vaccine-Induced Cellular Immunity against Bordetella pertussis: Harnessing Lessons from Animal and Human Studies to Improve Design and Testing of Novel Pertussis Vaccines
A Saso, B Kampmann, S Roetynck
Human vaccines 2021
The Protective Role of Maternal Immunization in Early Life
B Cinicola, MG Conti, G Terrin, M Sgrulletti, R Elfeky, R Carsetti, AF Salinas, EP Mortari, G Brindisi, MD Curtis, AM Zicari, V Moschese, M Duse
Frontiers in Pediatrics 2021
Maternal Immunization: Nature Meets Nurture
A Saso, B Kampmann
Frontiers in microbiology 2020
HIV, Cytomegalovirus, and Malaria Infections during Pregnancy Lead to Inflammation and Shifts in Memory B Cell Subsets in Kenyan Neonates
KT Yeo, P Embury, T Anderson, P Mungai, I Malhotra, C King, J Kazura, A Dent
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 2019
Beyond Passive Immunity: Is There Priming of the Fetal Immune System Following Vaccination in Pregnancy and What Are the Potential Clinical Implications?
CR Wilcox, CE Jones
Frontiers in immunology 2018
Short-term Persistence of Protective Maternally Acquired Immunity in Neonates Delivered by Primiparous Women in Ibadan, Nigeria
Adebola Emmanuel Orimadegun, Bose Etaniamhe Orimadegun, Elijah Afolabi Bamgboye
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences 2018
Neonatology: A Practical Approach to Neonatal Diseases
G Buonocore, R Bracci, M Weindling
2018
In utero development of memory T cells
D Zhivaki, R Lo-Man
Seminars in Immunopathology 2017
Transfer of maternal immunity and programming of the newborn immune system
MF Jennewein, B Abu-Raya, Y Jiang, G Alter, A Marchant
Seminars in Immunopathology 2017
Maternal immunisation: collaborating with mother nature
A Marchant, M Sadarangani, M Garand, N Dauby, V Verhasselt, L Pereira, G Bjornson, CE Jones, SA Halperin, KM Edwards, P Heath, PJ Openshaw, DW Scheifele, TR Kollmann
The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2017
The impact of prenatal exposure to parasitic infections and to anthelminthic treatment on antibody responses to routine immunisations given in infancy: Secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial
S Nash, AJ Mentzer, SA Lule, D Kizito, G Smits, FR van der Klis, AM Elliott, DJ Diemert
PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2017
Helminth infection during pregnancy: insights from evolutionary ecology
AD Blackwell
International journal of women's health 2016
Pediatric Allergy: Principles and Practice
J Wang, HA Sampson
Pediatric Allergy: Principles and Practice 2016
Human Fetal Growth and Development
BC Melnik
Human Fetal Growth and Development 2016
Effect of Antenatal Parasitic Infections on Anti-vaccine IgG Levels in Children: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study in Kenya
I Malhotra, M McKibben, P Mungai, E McKibben, X Wang, LJ Sutherland, EM Muchiri, CH King, CL King, AD LaBeaud, JN Ricaldi
PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2015
Altered Memory T-Cell Responses to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination and Altered Cytokine Responses to Polyclonal Stimulation in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Kenyan Infants
MA Garcia-Knight, E Nduati, AS Hassan, F Gambo, D Odera, TJ Etyang, NJ Hajj, JA Berkley, BC Urban, SL Rowland-Jones, TR Kollmann
PloS one 2015
Breastfeeding after maternal immunisation during pregnancy: Providing immunological protection to the newborn: A review
K Maertens, SD Schutter, T Braeckman, L Baerts, PV Damme, ID Meester, E Leuridan
Vaccine 2014
Pregnancy and helminth infections
H Mpairwe, R Tweyongyere, A Elliott
Parasite Immunology 2014
To B or not to B cells-mediate a healthy start to life
TG Nguyen, CM Ward, JM Morris
Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2013
Role of IgG antibodies in association with placental function and immunologic diseases in human pregnancy
A Malek
Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 2013
Rotavirus vaccination in developing countries
S Babji, G Kang
Current Opinion in Virology 2012
Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders
C Cui, L Grandison, A Noronha
2012
Effect of single-dose anthelmintic treatment during pregnancy on an infant's response to immunisation and on susceptibility to infectious diseases in infancy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
EL Webb, PA Mawa, J Ndibazza, D Kizito, A Namatovu, J Kyosiimire-Lugemwa, B Nanteza, M Nampijja, L Muhangi, PW Woodburn, H Akurut, H Mpairwe, M Akello, N Lyadda, J Bukusuba, M Kihembo, M Kizza, R Kizindo, J Nabulime, C Ameke, PB Namujju, R Tweyongyere, M Muwanga, JA Whitworth, AM Elliott
The Lancet 2011
Immune recognition of transplacentally acquired lymphoid allografts selects for increased major histocompatibility polymorphism
C Naugler
Medical Hypotheses 2011
Developmental Immunology and Role of Host Defenses in Fetal and Neonatal Susceptibility to Infection
DB Lewis, CB Wilson
Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn 2011
Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn
V Nizet, JS Bradley
Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn 2011
Influence of maternal gestational treatment with mycobacterial antigens on postnatal immunity in an experimental murine model
MJ Rahman, IR Dégano, M Singh, C Fernández
PloS one 2010
Effects of maternal and infant co-infections, and of maternal immunisation, on the infant response to BCG and tetanus immunisation
AM Elliott, PA Mawa, EL Webb, M Nampijja, N Lyadda, J Bukusuba, M Kizza, PB Namujju, J Nabulime, J Ndibazza, M Muwanga, JA Whitworth
Vaccine 2010
Phenotypic analysis of circulating dendritic cells during the second half of human gestation
JA Holloway, CA Thornton, ND Diaper, DT Howe, JO Warner
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2009
Vδ2 T-lymphocyte responses in cord blood samples from Italy and Côte d’Ivoire
C Cairo, G Mancino, G Cappelli, CD Pauza, E Galli, E Brunetti, V Colizzi
Immunology 2008
Pre-travel vaccination and medical prophylaxis in the pregnant traveler
ID Carroll, DC Williams
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2008
Antigen-Specific Immune Responses to Influenza Vaccine In Utero
Deepa Rastogi, Chaodong Wang, Xia Mao, Cynthia Lendor, Paul B. Rothman, Rachel L. Miller
Journal of Clinical Investigation 2007
Prenatal versus postnatal sensitization to environmental allergens in a high-risk birth cohort
J Rowe, M Kusel, BJ Holt, D Suriyaarachchi, M Serralha, E Hollams, ST Yerkovich, LS Subrata, C Ladyman, A Sadowska, J Gillett, E Fisher, R Loh, L Soderstrom, S Ahlstedt, PD Sly, PG Holt
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2007
Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant
RC Orscheln, HR Shinefield, JW st. Geme
Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant 2006
Impact of diet on the immunological microenvironment of the pregnant uterus and its relationship to allergic disease in the offspring: a review of the recent literature
DC Moore, PX Elsas, ES Maximiano, MI Elsas
Sao Paulo Medical Journal 2006
Impact of diet on the immunological microenvironment of the pregnant uterus and its relationship to allergic disease in the offspring – a review of the recent literature
Moore DC, Elsas PX, Maximiano ES, Elsas MI
São Paulo Medical Journal 2006
Protective levels of polysaccharide-specific maternal antibodies may enhance the immune response elicited by pneumococcal conjugates in neonatal and infant mice
MY Richter, H Jakobsen, JF Haeuw, UF Power, I Jonsdottir
Infection and immunity 2005
Avery's Diseases of the Newborn
R Chmait, TR Moore
Avery's Diseases of the Newborn 2005
Immunology of the Fetus and Newborn
CB Williams, FS Cole
Avery s Diseases of the Newborn 2005
Studies on Plasmodium falciparum isotypic antibodies and numbers of IL-4 and IFN-γ secreting cells in paired maternal cord blood from South West Cameroon
EA Achidi, JK Anchang, JT Minang, MJ Ahmadou, M Troye-Blomberg
International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2005
Mucosal Immunology
WR Brown
Mucosal Immunology 2005
Perinatal Programming
S Prescott, J Dunstan
Perinatal Programming 2005
The early life origins of asthma and related allergic disorders
JO Warner
Archives of disease in childhood 2004
Chimerism and Tolerance Post-In Utero Transplantation with Embryonic Stem Cells:
ME Moustafa, AS Srivastava, E Nedelcu, J Donahue, I Gueorguieva, SS Shenouda, B Minev, E Carrier
Transplantation 2004
Immunization During Pregnancy
RG Faix
Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 2002
Fetal immune responsiveness and routes of allergic sensitization
CA Jones, JA Holloway, JO Warner
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2002
Phenotype of fetal monocytes and B lymphocytes during the third trimester of pregnancy
CA Jones, JA Holloway, JO Warner
Journal of Reproductive Immunology 2002
Development of the early immune system: impact on allergic diseases
CH Schroeter, FK Gibbons, PW Finn
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 2002
Alloreactivity following in utero transplantation of cytokine-stimulated hematopoietic stem cells
H Sefrioui, J Donahue, AS Srivastava, E Gilpin, TH Lee, E Carrier
Experimental Hematology 2002
Neonatal and early life vaccinology
CA Siegrist
Vaccine 2001
MICROCHIMERISM DOES NOT INDUCE TOLERANCE AND SUSTAINS IMMUNITY AFTER IN UTERO TRANSPLANTATION1:
J Donahue, E Gilpin, TH Lee, MP Busch, M Croft, E Carrier
Transplantation 2001
Prenatal Exposure, Maternal Sensitization, and Sensitization In Utero To Indoor Allergens in an Inner-City Cohort
RL Miller, GL Chew, CA Bell, SA Biedermann, M Aggarwal, PL Kinney, WY Tsai, RM Whyatt, FP Perera, JG Ford
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2001
The development of the immune system during pregnancy and early life
PG Holt, CA Jones
Allergy 2000
Immunotherapy for Pregnant Women and Newborns
W Borkowsky
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2000
Advances in Antiretroviral, Immune-Based, and Gene Therapy for HIV Infection in Mothers and Infants: Implications for Future Use in Developing Countries
A Rubinstein
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2000
Microchimerism does not induce tolerance after in utero transplantation and may lead to the development of alloreactivity
E Carrier, E Gilpin, TH Lee, MP Busch, M Zanetti
The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine 2000
A STEP AHEAD
FM Munoz, JA Englund
Pediatric Clinics of North America 2000
Frontiers in Biomedicine
AL Goldstein
2000
Perinatal events in the development of asthma
MA Brown, M Halonen
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 1999
Effect of transplacentally acquired tetanus antibodies on the antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate and tetanus toxoid vaccines in Filipino infants
H Nohynek, L Gustafsson, MR Capeding, H Käyhty, RM Ölander, L Pascualk, P Ruutu
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1999
In utero sensitization in Chagas' disease leads to altered lymphocyte phenotypic patterns in the newborn cord blood mononuclear cells
SF Neves, S Eloi-Santos, R Ramos, S Rigueirinho, G Gazzinelli, R Correa-Oliveira
Parasite Immunology 1999
Is There a Maternally Induced Immunological Imprinting Phase a la Konrad Lorenz?
H Lemke, H Lange
Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 1999
Fetal immunization of baboons induces a fetal-specific antibody response
AM Watts, JR Stanley, MH Shearer, PS Hefty, RC Kennedy
Nature Medicine 1999
Human placental Fc receptors and the trapping of immune complexes
NE Simister
Vaccine 1998
Rescue of self-reactive B cells by provision of T cell helpin vivo
MC Cook, A Basten, BF de st. Groth
European Journal of Immunology 1998
Maternal immunization against viral disease
J Englund, WP Glezen, PA Piedra
Vaccine 1998
Prevention of neonatal tetanus
WP Glezen
American journal of public health 1998
Annotation: prevention of HIV, other sexually transmitted diseases, and unwanted pregnancy--testing physical barriers available to women
Z Stein, M Susser
American journal of public health 1998
POTENTIAL IMMUNE-BASED INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE HIV-1 VERTICAL TRANSMISSION
WT Shearer
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 1998
In utero exposure to helminth and mycobacterial antigens generates cytokine responses similar to that observed in adults
I Malhotra, J Ouma, A Wamachi, J Kioko, P Mungai, A Omollo, L Elson, D Koech, JW Kazura, CL King
Journal of Clinical Investigation 1997
Haemophilus influenzae type b-specific antibody in infants after maternal immunization
JA Englund, WP Glezen, C Thompson, R Anwaruddin, CS Turner, GR Siber
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1997
Genetics of Reproduction and Its Evolutionary Significance
TJ Gill
American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 1997
Prospects for Vaccines During Pregnancy and in the Newborn Period
GW Fischer, MG Ottolini, JJ Mond
Clinics in Perinatology 1997
Passively acquired anti-tetanus and anti-Haemophilus antibodies and the response to Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in infancy
S Kurikka, RM Ölander, J Eskola, H Käyhty
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1996
Fetal Immune Response
M Sarfati, G Delespesse
Science 1996
Relationships between maternal malaria and malarial immune responses in mothers and neonates
FN Rasheed, JN Bulmer, A Francisco, MF Jawla, PH Jakobsen, A Jepson, BM Greenwood
Parasite Immunology 1995
Feto-Maternal Interaction of Antibody and Antigen Transfer, Immunity and Allergy Development
JA Lovegrove, JB Morgan
Nutrition Research Reviews 1994
Maternal Immunization to Prevent Infectious Diseases in the Neonate or Infant
RA Insel, M Amstey, K Woodin, M Pichichero
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 1994
Anti-idiotypic antibodies from the mother may influence the immune response of the fetus and newborn
LÅ Hanson, M Hahn-Zoric, U Dahlgren, E Telemo
Pediatrics International 1994
Maternal immunization modulates the primary immune response to 2-phenyl-oxazolone in BALB/c mice
H Lemke, H Lange, C Berek
European Journal of Immunology 1994
Immune responses of young mice to pneumococcal type 9V polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate
CH Lu, CJ Lee, P Kind
Infection and immunity 1994
Maternal infections influence infection susceptibility in childhood
FN Rasheed
Medical Hypotheses 1994
In Utero Vaccination
N Linder, G Ohel
Clinics in Perinatology 1994
Ontogeny of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody production in HIV-1-infected infants
H Pollack, MX Zhan, T Ilmet-Moore, K Ajuang-Simbiri, K Krasinski, W Borkowsky
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1993
Control of neonatal group B streptococcal infection
RW Steele
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1993
Immune Responses During Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni. XVIII. Immunologic Status of Pregnant Women and Their Neonates
E Novato-Silva, G Gazzinelli, DG Colley
Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 1992
2 The normal fetomaternal immune relationship
WD Billington
Baillière's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1992
Ontogeny of Immunity to Oral Microbiota in Humans
DJ Smith, MA Taubman
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 1992
Maternal immunity and antibody response of neonatal mice to pneumococcal type 19F polysaccharide
CJ Lee, ED Ching, JH Vickers
Journal of clinical microbiology 1991
Long-Term Follow-up of Children Born to Women Immunized With Tetanus Toxoid During Pregnancy
TJ Gill, RB Karasic, J Antoncic, BS Rabin
American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 1991
The influence of maternal humoral responsiveness on the specific immunocompetence of the progeny in mice
DW Dresser
Journal of Reproductive Immunology 1990
Immunoregulatory mechanisms present in the maternal circulation during pregnancy
RM Pope
Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology 1990
Maternal antibodies to Ro (SS-A) are associated with both early onset of disease and male sex among children with systemic lupus erythematosus
TH Lehman, M Reichlin, TJ Santner, E Silverman, RE Petty, CH Spencer, JB Harley
Arthritis & Rheumatism 1989
The immune response of offspring mice from mothers immunized during pregnancy with protein antigens
A Malley
Journal of Reproductive Immunology 1989
HIV Infection in Women
KD Wenstrom, SA Gall
Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 1989
Immunization of Pregnant Women with a Polysaccharide Vaccine of Group B Streptococcus
CJ Baker, MA Rench, MS Edwards, RJ Carpenter, BM Hays, DL Kasper
New England Journal of Medicine 1988
Maternal Immunization to Prevent Neonatal Infections
RA Insel
New England Journal of Medicine 1988
Altered humoral immunity during pregnancy in the guinea pig
M Hibma, JF Griffin
Journal of Reproductive Immunology 1987
Immunoglobulins in Health and Disease
MA French
1986
Mother-child HLA compatibility ratios in children of Amerinidian parents who share common haplotypes
FL Black
The American Journal of Human Genetics 1985
The efficacy of DPT and oral poliomyelitis immunization schedules initiated from birth to 12 weeks of age
N Halsey, A Galazka
Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1985
Need for new strategies for an old, persistent disease
JW st. Geme, LJ Barraff
The Journal of Pediatrics 1985
Pregnancy-associated growth factor
JH Morse, JA Carlino, D Lazzarino, TC Meng
Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 1985
In Utero Immunization of the Fetus to Tetanus by Maternal Vaccination During Pregnancy
Y VANDERBEEKEN, M SARFATI, R BOSE, G DELESPESSE
American Journal of Reproductive Immunology and Microbiology 1985
Principles of Medical Therapy in Pregnancy
N Gleicher
1985
Neonatal administration of idiotype or antiidiotype primes for protection against Escherichia coli K13 infection in mice
KE Stein, T Söderström
Journal of Experimental Medicine 1984
Antigen-induced plaque-forming cell responses in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human neonates and infants
MJ van Tol, J Zijlstra, BJ Zegers, RE Ballieux
The Journal of Pediatrics 1984
Neonatology
RJ McKay, JF Lucey
New England Journal of Medicine 1964

← Previous 1 2 3 4 5 Next →

Advertisement

Copyright © 2025 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

Sign up for email alerts

Referenced in 1 policy sources
30 readers on Mendeley
See more details