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Abstract
Authors
Chenjian Gu, Yili Fang, Yixuan Wang, Eric Tycksen, Gayathri Kondepati, Chuang Li, Kendrah O. Kidd, Jun Liu, Fumihiko Urano, Maria Lindahl, Anthony J. Bleyer, Srikanth Singamaneni, Zhao Sun, Ying Maggie Chen
Abstract
Background: Combined checkpoint blockade (CCB) of programmed-death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) is highly active in melanoma but limited by significant morbidity from immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Effective strategies to prevent CCB-mediated irAEs are lacking. Methods: Patients with advanced melanoma were randomly assigned to receive standard of care ipilimumab and nivolumab alone (Arm-A: ipi/nivo, n=7) or with one cycle of rituximab (Arm-B; ipi/nivo+rituximab, n=7). Results: Patients receiving ipi/nivo+rituximab experienced lower rates of > grade-3(G3) irAEs (14% versus 57%) and superior G3-irAE-free survival compared to those in ipi/nivo arm (2-year G3-irAE-free survival 86% versus 29% (p=0.01), without adverse impact on tumor regression or survival. G3 hypersensitivity reactions to rituximab (43% in Arm-B) prompted trial closure. Rituximab depleted pre-therapy activated naïve B cells linked to autoimmunity and enhanced CCB-mediated induction of myeloid inflammation and CXCL13+ICOS+ CD4 T cells. Conclusion: B-cell depletion favorably modulates CCB-mediated immune activation and may reduce irAE risk. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03719131 Funding: NIH
Authors
Kavita M. Dhodapkar, Antonio Matera, Alyssa M. Duffy, Azmain Taz, Renee Julia Manalo, Melinda Yushak, Ragini Kuchadkar, David H. Lawson, Madhav V. Dhodapkar
Abstract
Authors
Vlad Moisoiu, Roxanne Lourman, Frank Szulzewsky, Tobias Kessler, Giulio Collotta, Antonio Porro, Anne Bertolini, Franziska Singer, Patrick J. Cimino, Caroline Hertler, Wolfgang Wick, Guido Reifenberger, Eric C. Holland, Alessandro A. Sartori, Michael Weller, Hans-Georg Wirsching
Abstract
Authors
Diwakar Turaga, Chang-Ru Tsai, Yuka Morikawa, Hanna J. Tadros, Yi Zhao, Lalita Wadhwa, Iki Adachi, Xiao Li, James F. Martin
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by aggressive behavior and poor prognosis, presents a formidable clinical challenge. Despite guideline endorsement of chemoimmunotherapy as a standard treatment in TNBC, durable responses remain rare, largely due to an immunologically “cold” tumor microenvironment (TME). Through integrated analysis, we identified the F-box protein FBXW5 as a tumor-intrinsic immunosuppressive regulator, whose expression is elevated in immunologically “cold” TNBC and correlates with dismal patient survival. Genetic knockdown of murine Fbxw5 suppressed tumor growth, reinvigorated CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity, and sensitized TNBC tumors to both single-agent and combined chemo-immune therapy in preclinical models. Mechanistically, FBXW5 acts within the SKP1/CUL1/F-box protein (SCF) E3 ligase complex to bind RIGI and MDA5, promoting their K27-linked polyubiquitination and subsequent SQSTM1-mediated autophagic degradation. This process blunts cytosolic RNA sensing and type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling, thereby limiting CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation. Our findings establish FBXW5 as a master regulator of the “cold” TME, presenting a potential predictive biomarker and actionable therapeutic target for enhancing chemoimmunotherapy in TNBC.
Authors
Xin Li, Tong Chen, Wenjing Zhao, Jiaxing Li, Yifan Shang, Bing Chen, Lijuan Wang, Ning Zhang, Xiaoli Kong, Yiran Liang, Yaming Li, Chen Li, Dianwen Han, Xi Chen, Shan Jiang, Chao Yang, Dan Luo, Tingting Ma, Qifeng Yang
Abstract
Mutations in the survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) can reduce functional SMN protein levels, which causes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), a disease affecting the nervous system and peripheral tissues, including the immune system. Yet, SMN expression across immune cell subsets and the impact of SMN-modulating therapies on the immune system remains underexplored. We found that in neonatal mouse spleen, SMN expression was highest in B cells, which were massively reduced in SMA mice. In human PBMCs from adults, DCs and monocytes expressed the highest SMN levels, whereas SMA patients showed reduced DC and increased B cell frequencies. Patients receiving systemic versus CNS-restricted therapy showed similar differences in immune cell composition and SMN levels. Similarly, an exploratory cohort including untreated patients did not indicate a substantial treatment-specific effect relative to controls. To assess the impact of differentiation on SMN, PMA-treated THP-1 cells were analyzed, revealing enhanced aberrant SMN splicing and increased SMN-positive Cajal bodies. In conclusion, SMN levels vary across immune cell types, and reduced SMN levels are associated with altered immune cell composition. Immune alterations and decreased SMN levels were observed in both treated and untreated SMA patients and may contribute to dysfunctions of the immune system in SMA.
Authors
Ines Tapken, Katharina Rahmel-Stein, Christine Ehlers, Federica Cieri, Nora T. Detering, Tobias Schüning, Bogdan Bjelica, Charlotte Mindermann, Svenja Neuhoff, Linda-Isabell Schmitt, Markus Leo, Tim Hagenacker, Sabine Illsinger, Elia Di Schiavi, Theresa Graalmann, Susanne Petri, Ulrich Kalinke, Peter Claus
Abstract
Cancer hotspot mutations of unknown function often obscure the functional understanding of the molecular pathways underlying cancer formation and limit precision medicine progress. Here, we investigated unresolved driver functions of RHOA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Our investigation reveals that RHOA E40Q is a partial loss-of-function allele which paradoxically promotes tumorigenesis only in the absence of wild-type RhoA. Therefore, mice expressing RHOA E40Q specifically in keratinocytes lacking wild-type RhoA spontaneously developed squamous cell carcinoma and showed defective hair shaft formation. Mechanistically, this is related to increased replication stress and genome instability caused by aberrant expression of cell cycle regulators and DNA repair genes, independent of the classical RhoA effectors ROCK and DIAPH. These data establish RHOA E40Q as an unusual, context-dependent oncogenic driver: a seemingly inactive variant that unleashes its tumor-promoting potential only when the wild-type allele is absent.
Authors
Justine Noujarède, Qiuyue Wang, Eleftherios Panagiotis Kokkinogenis, Yuewan Luo, Ivona Cudina, Simon Willaume, Clémence Mooser, Lap Phuoc Nguyen, Mads Frederik Poulsen, Simon Heijmerikx, Thu Han Le Phan, Xiubin He, Jesper Bøje Andersen, Claus Storgaard Sørensen, Cord Brakebusch
Abstract
Lung cancer histological subtypes include lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Although usually distinct, rare combined LUAD/SCLC tumors occur, and LUAD can transform into SCLC as a mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies, particularly in EGFR-Mutant LUADs with RB1/TP53 inactivation. Although PRC2 complex expression increases during this transformation, its functional role remains unclear. Using CRISPR-based autochthonous immunocompetent GEMMs, we found that inactivation of EED, the core PRC2 scaffolding subunit, impaired SCLC tumorigenesis and promoted LUAD histological identity likely through a NEUROD1-positive intermediate state. Mechanistically, EED loss derepressed bivalent genes co-marked by H3K27me3 and H3K4me3, including LUAD oncogenic RAS, PI3K, and MAPK pathway genes and NEUROD1. These same LUAD oncogenic signaling genes were bivalently repressed in human SCLC patient-derived xenografts, suggesting a conserved PRC2-dependent mechanism that represses LUAD oncogenic signaling and thereby supports the SCLC neuroendocrine identity. In a complementary EGFR-Mutant LUAD GEMM with Rb1 and Trp53 inactivation, EED inactivation at tumor initiation prevented the emergence of SCLC histology after EGFR oncogene withdrawal and redirected recurrent tumors toward mucinous LUAD states with reduced spontaneous metastasis. These findings identify PRC2/EED as a regulator of SCLC neuroendocrine identity and nominate pharmacologic EED inhibition for future investigation in therapy-associated LUAD-to-SCLC transformation.
Authors
Yixiang Li, Yasmin N. Laimon, Hyeonseo Cho, Marina Vivero, Gabriel Roberti de Oliveira, Maxwell D. Seager, Andrew Delcea, Varunika Savla, Yuting Chen, Yavuz T. Durmaz, Xintao Qiu, Shweta Kukreja, Rong Li, Talal El Zarif, Wesley Lu, McKayla Van Orden, Jacob E. Berchuck, Roderick T. Bronson, Shuqiang Li, Hongbin Ji, David A. Barbie, Katerina Politi, Matthew L. Freedman, Henry W. Long, Sabina Signoretti, Matthew G. Oser
Abstract
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men. Although poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARP inhibitor) are approved for mCRPC patients with homologous recombination repair (HRR) deficiencies, clinical trials combining Olaparib with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have shown limited efficacy in unselected populations. To investigate the immunomodulatory effects of PARP inhibitor in an unbiased manner, we performed bulk RNA sequencing on HRR-proficient MycCaP cells treated with the PARP inhibitor (Olaparib) versus vehicle control. Transcriptomics analysis revealed robust upregulation of CD73 (NT5E), an ectoenzyme and emerging immune checkpoint that generates extracellular adenosine, suggesting an adaptive mechanism that undermines Olaparib efficacy and promotes immunosuppression. CD73 induction by Olaparib was validated in both human and mouse prostate cancer cell lines, with more pronounced effects in HRR-compromised PTEN knockout (KO) cells. Mechanistically, olaparib-driven CD73 expression was mediated through DNA damage–activated ATR–CHEK1–IRF1 and TGF-β1–AKT signaling pathways. In parallel, Olaparib enhanced tumor immunogenicity by activating type I interferon (IFN) signaling and antigen presentation machinery. In vivo, combining olaparib with CD73 blockade significantly delayed tumor growth, improved T-cell infiltration, and augmented CD8⁺ T-cell effector function across HRR-proficient and PTEN KO prostate cancer models. These findings identify Olaparib-induced CD73 upregulation as an adaptive resistance mechanism and support Olaparib plus CD73 blockade as a promising therapeutic strategy for advanced prostate cancer, irrespective of HRR status.
Authors
Ping Xie, Renqiang Ma, Minghui Zhang, Jie Fan, Hui Tang, Longzhen Song, Yong Wan, Timothy M. Kuzel, Deyu Fang, Weiguo Cui, Jennifer D. Wu, Sarki A. Abdulkadir, Yi Zhang, Akash Patnaik, Bin Zhang
Abstract
Dexamethasone is widely used to control cerebral edema and inflammation in glioblastoma, but its benefits are limited by systemic toxicities and adverse prognostic associations. We evaluated local administration of dexamethasone via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) to maximize intratumoral anti-inflammatory effects by increasing local corticosteroid exposure while minimizing systemic exposure. In two glioma mouse models, continuous intraparenchymal infusion of dexamethasone was well tolerated with no adverse effects. Pharmacokinetic analyses supported preferential intratumoral distribution and reduced systemic exposure with CED compared with systemic dosing. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and immunohistochemistry showed attenuation of glioma-associated inflammation with downregulation of reactive microglial/macrophage programs and reduced tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells with a morphology consistent with a less activated state. Experiments in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)–derived microglia confirmed that dexamethasone directly suppresses inflammatory gene expression, indicating a conserved mechanism across species. This inflammatory suppression was recapitulated in both immortalized microglial (HMC3) and macrophage (THP1) cell lines. These findings suggest that localized dexamethasone delivered by CED reprograms the glioma immune microenvironment and achieves control of inflammation without the systemic adverse effects associated with standard systemic dexamethasone therapy. This clinically translatable strategy may improve symptom management and provide a platform for integrating local immunomodulation with future glioblastoma therapies.
Authors
Nathaniel W. Rolfe, Nicholas B. Dadario, Liang Lei, Anthony Tang, Misha Amini, Damian E. Teasley, Nkechime Ifediora, Peter Chabot, Nathan J. Winans, Nina Yoh, Julia Furnari, Corina Kotidis, Clara H. Stucke, Nivia M. Urena, Yanping Sun, Abby Brand, Ashwin Viswanathan, Pavan Upadhyayula, Michael G. Argenziano, Colin P. Sperring, Nadine Khoury, Nelson Humala, Shikun Wang, Justin Neira, Peter A. Sims, Brian J. Gill, Peter Canoll, Jeffrey N. Bruce
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ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)