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BCA-1 is highly expressed in Helicobacter pylori–induced mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and gastric lymphoma

Luca Mazzucchelli,1 Andrea Blaser,2 Andreas Kappeler,1 Patrik Schärli,2 Jean A. Laissue,1 Marco Baggiolini,2 and Mariagrazia Uguccioni2

1Institute of Pathology, and2Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

Address correspondence to: Mariagrazia Uguccioni, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Phone: 41-31-631-4158; Fax: 41-31-631-3799; E-mail: mariagrazia.uguccioni@tki.unibe.ch.

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1Institute of Pathology, and2Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

Address correspondence to: Mariagrazia Uguccioni, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Phone: 41-31-631-4158; Fax: 41-31-631-3799; E-mail: mariagrazia.uguccioni@tki.unibe.ch.

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1Institute of Pathology, and2Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

Address correspondence to: Mariagrazia Uguccioni, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Phone: 41-31-631-4158; Fax: 41-31-631-3799; E-mail: mariagrazia.uguccioni@tki.unibe.ch.

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1Institute of Pathology, and2Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

Address correspondence to: Mariagrazia Uguccioni, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Phone: 41-31-631-4158; Fax: 41-31-631-3799; E-mail: mariagrazia.uguccioni@tki.unibe.ch.

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1Institute of Pathology, and2Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

Address correspondence to: Mariagrazia Uguccioni, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Phone: 41-31-631-4158; Fax: 41-31-631-3799; E-mail: mariagrazia.uguccioni@tki.unibe.ch.

Find articles by Laissue, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Institute of Pathology, and2Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

Address correspondence to: Mariagrazia Uguccioni, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Phone: 41-31-631-4158; Fax: 41-31-631-3799; E-mail: mariagrazia.uguccioni@tki.unibe.ch.

Find articles by Baggiolini, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Institute of Pathology, and2Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

Address correspondence to: Mariagrazia Uguccioni, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Phone: 41-31-631-4158; Fax: 41-31-631-3799; E-mail: mariagrazia.uguccioni@tki.unibe.ch.

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Published November 15, 1999 - More info

Published in Volume 104, Issue 10 on November 15, 1999
J Clin Invest. 1999;104(10):R49–R54. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI7830.
© 1999 The American Society for Clinical Investigation
Published November 15, 1999 - Version history
Received: July 13, 1999; Accepted: October 6, 1999
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Abstract

Infection with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) induces the formation of lymphoid tissue in the stomach and the occasional development of primary gastric B-cell lymphomas. We have studied the expression of 2 chemokines that attract B lymphocytes, BCA-1 and SLC, in gastric tissue samples obtained from patients with chronic gastritis induced by Hp infection or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as from patients with Hp-associated low-grade and high-grade gastric lymphomas. High-level expression of BCA-1 and its receptor, CXCR5, was observed in all mucosal lymphoid aggregates and in the mantle zone of all secondary lymphoid follicles in Hp-induced gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Follicular dendritic cells and B lymphocytes are possible sources of BCA-1, which is not expressed by T lymphocytes, macrophages, or CD1a+ dendritic cells. Strong expression of BCA-1 and CXCR5 was also detected in the transformed B cells of gastric MALT lymphomas. By contrast, SLC was confined almost exclusively to endothelial cells in and outside the lymphoid tissue. Only scant, occasional SLC expression was observed in the marginal zone of MALT follicles. Our findings indicate that BCA-1, which functions as a homing chemokine in normal lymphoid tissue, is induced in chronic Hp gastritis and is involved in the formation of lymphoid follicles and gastric lymphomas of the MALT type.

J. Clin. Invest.104:R49–R54 (1999).

Introduction

A characteristic feature of the chronic gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is the presence of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), which consists of lymphoid aggregates and organized follicles (1, 2). MALT is not normally found in the stomach mucosa and disappears after eradication of the infection (3, 4), suggesting that Hp is the causative agent. The mechanism that recruits lymphocytes into the Hp-infected mucosa, leading to MALT formation and in some instances to gastric lymphomas (5, 6), is unknown, but a role for chemokines acting on B lymphocytes can be presumed.

The first indication that chemokines may be involved in lymphoid tissue formation came from the study of a putative chemokine receptor called BLR1 (7) or MDR15 (8), which is highly expressed in blood B lymphocytes and Burkitt’s lymphoma cells (9). Deletion of the receptor gene in mice led to a profound disturbance of follicle and germinal center formation in the spleen and Peyer’s patches (10). Receptor-deficient B lymphocytes enter T-cell areas but do not migrate further, suggesting that BLR1 is needed for their homing into B-cell areas. After identification of the ligand, a CXC chemokine called BCA-1 in humans (11) and BLC in mice (12), the receptor was renamed CXCR5. The observation that BCA-1 is selective for CXCR5 and chemotactic for human B lymphocytes (11) prompted this study.

In this paper we show that BCA-1 and its receptor, CXCR5, are both highly expressed in primary and secondary lymphoid follicles and in MALT lymphomas that develop in the Hp-infected stomach mucosa. This finding suggests that BCA-1 is a major mediator of the long-term pathology of Hp infection. In addition, our observations indicate that the same chemokine can have homeostatic as well as inflammatory functions, and thus call into question a strict distinction between constitutive and inducible chemokines (13).

Methods

Tissue samples. Formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples were obtained from 15 patients (mean age 53 years) with chronic, active Hp-induced gastritis, 6 patients (mean age 67 years) with gastritis induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and 4 individuals (mean age 35 years) with histologically normal antrum and corpus mucosa. In addition, formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples were obtained after gastrectomy from 10 patients (mean age 60 years) with primary gastric lymphoma of the MALT type. Gastritis was evaluated histologically according to a modified Sydney classification (14), and lymphomas were diagnosed by standard histological criteria and immunohistochemistry (6).

Primary antibodies. Goat anti-human BCA-1 (1:100; R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) and rabbit anti-human CXCR5 (IgG purified, 1:100) were used to detect BCA-1 and its receptor. The rabbit polyclonal antibody was raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the NH2-terminal domain (amino acids 1–55) of human CXCR5 coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Selectivity was tested on CXCR5 transfectants. No cross-reactivity was observed with cells transfected with other chemokine receptors or with human blood cell antigens. Monoclonal antibodies directed against CD3+ T lymphocytes (clone PS1; Novocastra Laboratories Ltd., Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom), CD20+ B lymphocytes (clone L26; DAKO A/S, Glostrup, Denmark), CD21+ follicular dendritic cells (clone 1F8; DAKO A/S), CD23+ follicular dendritic cells (clone 1B12; Novocastra Laboratories Ltd.), CD1a+ interdigitating dendritic cells (clone 010; Immunotech, Marseilles, France), CD31+ endothelial cells (clone JC/70A; DAKO A/S), and CD68+ macrophages (clone PG-M1; DAKO A/S) were also used.

Immunohistochemistry. For BCA-1 and CXCR5 detection, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections were dewaxed, rehydrated, and then boiled in 100 mM Tris-buffered saline (pH 9.5) with 5% urea in an 850-W microwave oven for 8 minutes, followed by 2 similar treatments of 5 minutes each. Then the sections were washed in Tris-buffered saline and incubated at room temperature for 60 minutes with anti-CXCR5, or for 24 hours with anti–BCA-1. Antibodies were diluted in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.5% casein sodium salt (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri, USA) and either 5% goat serum (for anti-CXCR5) or rabbit serum (for anti–BCA-1). After exposure to the primary antibody, the sections were incubated with a 1:200 dilution (in the same buffer as that used for the primary antibody) of biotinylated goat anti-mouse Ig (DAKO A/S) or a 1:100 dilution of biotinylated donkey anti-goat Ig (Binding Site, Birmingham, United Kingdom), and then with streptavidin-biotin complex/alkaline phosphatase (DAKO A/S) at 1:200 in Tris-buffered saline. The sections were then developed in new fuchsin-naphthol AS-BI (Sigma Chemical Co.) and counterstained with hematoxylin. Immunohistochemical staining for BCA-1 was also performed on frozen sections after fixation in cold acetone. Anti–BCA-1 was diluted at 1:50 and incubated with the sections for 60 minutes. Immunostaining for cellular markers was performed according to a standard ABC technique (DAKO A/S).

In situ hybridization. 35S-labeled BCA-1 and SLC RNA probes — 368 bp corresponding to position –24 to 344 of the BCA-1 sequence (11), and 368 bp corresponding to position –58 to 310 of the SLC sequence (15), respectively — were generated by in vitro transcription (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Paraffin sections were dewaxed and rehydrated in graded ethanol. Protein digestion was performed with 1 mg/mL proteinase K for 30 minutes at 37°C, and blocked with 0.1 M glycine in PBS for 5 minutes. Tissue slides were postfixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and dehydrated in graded ethanol before treatment at room temperature with 0.1 M triethanolamine (pH 8.0) for 3 minutes, followed by 4% acetic anhydride in 0.1 M triethanolamine for 10 minutes. After washes in H2O and dehydration in graded ethanol, slides were air-dried and then incubated with the BCA-1 or SLC mRNA probes. In situ hybridization was performed overnight at 45°C with sense or antisense probes (106 cpm/section) diluted in hybridization solution (10% dextran sulfate, 50% deionized formamide, 300 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris/HCl (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA, 1× Denhardt’s solution, and 100 mM DTT). After hybridization, the sections were washed with a solution of 10 mM DTT, 50% formamide, 1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0), and 2× SSC for 30 minutes at 54°C, followed by 2 additional washes in 2× SSC combined with 10 mM DTT. Subsequently, slides were treated with 100,000 U/mL RNase T1 (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH) and 1,000 U/mL RNase A (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH) for 30 minutes at 37°C (16). After additional washes, tissues were dehydrated and air-dried, dipped in Kodak photo emulsion NTB-2, and exposed in the dark for 4 weeks at 4°C. Development and fixation were performed according to the Kodak protocol, and the sections were counterstained with Mayer’s hematoxylin.

Results

Specimen histopathology. Chronic antrum inflammation with lymphoid follicles was observed in all samples of Hp gastritis. The bacteria were detected at the mucosal surface in all cases by hematoxylin and eosin or modified Giemsa staining. Infiltration by neutrophils was moderate to marked. NSAID-induced chronic gastritis had a characteristic appearance, with occasional mucosal erosions. The samples of NSAID-induced gastritis and normal gastric mucosa were all Hp-negative, both by histology and by the urease test. Samples from 10 patients with gastric lymphoma were studied. In 5 cases, high-grade lymphoma was diagnosed by the presence of sheets of transformed blasts. The other 5 cases were diagnosed as low-grade. In 4 of the 5 low-grade lymphomas, the tumor was confined to the mucosa and submucosa, whereas all high-grade lymphomas showed infiltration of the whole stomach wall. In all instances, Hp infection was confirmed histologically and chronic gastritis with lymphoid hyperplasia was observed in the vicinity of the neoplastic tissue.

Hp and NSAID gastritis. Marked BCA-1 expression was found in all samples of Hp gastritis. Expression was mainly confined to lymphocyte aggregates and to primary and secondary follicles. BCA-1 transcripts were evenly distributed in nonorganized B lymphocyte aggregates but were restricted to the mantle zone in secondary lymphoid follicles. An intermediate arrangement was also observed, which presumably reflects the process of organization of the aggregates into lymphoid follicles (Figure 1). The degree of BCA-1 expression as assessed by the hybridization signals was not related to the number of bacteria detected at the mucosal surface, or to the presence of infiltrating neutrophils and eosinophils in the lamina propria. The distribution of BCA-1–producing cells in Hp-induced gastric MALT is similar to that observed in normal lymphoid tissues, as shown in Figure 1. BCA-1 transcripts were not detected in endothelial cells or in the epithelial cells of the mucosa, even in the vicinity of colonizing bacteria. Occasional BCA-1–expressing cells (accounting for less than 0.5% of the total as determined by image analysis) were found outside the MALT in the lamina propria of the antrum and the corpus in Hp- and NSAID-induced gastritis, but were also in control specimens. The significance of this rare expression, which is not related to Hp infection, is unknown.

In situ expression of BCA-1 in chronic Hp gastritis. Expression is observedFigure 1

In situ expression of BCA-1 in chronic Hp gastritis. Expression is observed in the whole area of lymphoid aggregates (a) and is restricted to the mantle zone in secondary lymphoid follicles (c). Intermediate distribution (b) is found occasionally. (d–f) Localization of follicular dendritic cells as detected in serial sections by immunohistochemical staining for CD21. Bottom: In situ expression of BCA-1 in a secondary follicle of a normal lymph node. Antisense and sense hybridization is shown. ×100 (original magnification).

To identify the cells that produce BCA-1, we analyzed serial sections of several secondary gastric MALT follicles by immunohistochemistry. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, BCA-1 transcripts were found in areas containing many follicular dendritic cells as evidenced by immunoreactivity for CD21, and in areas where B lymphocytes accumulate. The data obtained on examination of nearly 50 MALT follicles in serial sections were consistent with those presented in Figure 2. T lymphocytes (CD3+), macrophages (CD68+), endothelial cells (CD31+), and CD1a+ dendritic cells were also present in the MALT, but their distribution differed markedly from that of cells expressing BCA-1 (data not shown). Immunohistochemical studies were carried out to assess the expression of the BCA-1 and CXCR5 proteins. As shown in Figure 2, BCA-1 was confined mainly to the mantle zone of lymphoid follicles. The reticular appearance of the staining is consistent with BCA-1 production by follicular dendritic cells. CXCR5 was expressed by lymphocytes of the mantle zone and by occasional centroblast-like cells within the germinal centers (Figure 2). BCA-1 staining was also analyzed in human tonsils using frozen sections to avoid possible artifacts from formalin fixation. In these preparations, intense staining was observed not only in the dendritic cells, but also in the lymphocytes of the mantle zone. Lymphocyte BCA-1 reactivity may indicate that the chemokine is produced by B lymphocytes, or may simply reflect its binding to CXCR5.

BCA-1 and CXCR5 expression in chronic Hp gastritis. (a) In situ expressionFigure 2

BCA-1 and CXCR5 expression in chronic Hp gastritis. (a) In situ expression of BCA-1 is shown in the mantle zone of a secondary lymphoid follicle. The sense probe control (b) and staining for B lymphocytes (CD20+) (c) are shown in serial sections of the same follicle. ×100 (original magnification). BCA-1 (d) and CXCR5 (f) immunostaining is shown with the corresponding isotype-matched controls (e and g). Staining of a frozen section of a tonsil (h) and control (i) shows BCA-1 in association with small round and stellate cells, suggesting expression by lymphocytes and dendritic cells. ×200 (original magnification).

Gastric MALT lymphomas. In view of the seemingly prominent role of BCA-1 in chronic Hp gastritis, we also analyzed the expression of this chemokine in the MALT lymphomas that may develop as the disease progresses. Prominent BCA-1 expression assessed at the mRNA and protein level was found in the neoplastic tissue, which was devoid of follicular dendritic cells, as indicated by the lack of immunostaining with antibodies directed against CD21 and CD23 (data not shown). In both stages, BCA-1 appears to be expressed and produced predominantly by the neoplastic cells. In Figure 3, BCA-1 expression is clearly visible in a low-grade lymphoma that contrasts with the adjacent mucosa, where no expression was found. Evenly distributed BCA-1 expression is found in high-grade lymphomas, where the transformed blasts were the major source of the chemokine (Figure 3). Intensity of expression varied somewhat among the blasts; numerous small mononuclear cells within the tumor tissue were negative. The expression of CXCR5 was even more pronounced and was evenly distributed, suggesting that the BCA-1 receptor is present in transformed B cells as well as in the infiltrating lymphocytes.

Expression of BCA-1 and CXCR5 in gastric MALT lymphomas. In situ expressionFigure 3

Expression of BCA-1 and CXCR5 in gastric MALT lymphomas. In situ expression of BCA-1 in (a) low-grade lymphoma with surrounding normal gastric mucosa, ×40 (original magnification); and in high-grade lymphoma (b and c), ×200 and ×400, respectively (original magnification). Immunostaining of BCA-1 and CXCR5 in high-grade lymphoma (d and e), ×400 and ×200, respectively (original magnification).

SLC expression in gastric MALT and lymphomas. The chemokine SLC is also known to attract B lymphocytes and to be involved in the development of nodal and extranodal lymphoid tissues (17–19). Previous studies of normal lymph nodes showed that SLC is present at the outer rim of follicles and in the interfollicular area (18). This distribution is in striking contrast with that found in the MALT of the Hp-infected gastric mucosa, where only occasional, scant expression of SLC is observed (Figure 4). SLC gene expression was regularly found in endothelial cells throughout the mucosa and the submucosa. However, no expression was detected in epithelial cells. In low- and high-grade lymphomas, as in the non-neoplastic gastric MALT, the expression of SLC and BCA-1 differ completely. Strong SLC positivity was found in endothelial cells lining the microvessels within the neoplastic tissue, but no expression was detected in the transformed B blasts (Figure 4).

In situ expression of SLC in chronic Hp gastritis (a) and in high-grade lymFigure 4

In situ expression of SLC in chronic Hp gastritis (a) and in high-grade lymphoma (b). SLC expression is rare in Hp gastritis (arrows) and is confined to endothelial cells in the lymphoma. ×100 (original magnification).

Discussion

This study shows that BCA-1 is strongly expressed in the gastric lymphoid follicles and in the MALT lymphomas that characteristically develop during the chronic gastritis induced by Hp infection. Immunohistochemical analysis, comparing the distribution of BCA-1 transcripts and protein with the distribution of different types of cells, indicates that follicular dendritic cells and B lymphocytes are the most likely producers of BCA-1 within the MALT follicles of the Hp-infected gastric mucosa. It has been shown that B lymphocytes from MALT follicles can transform into MALT lymphoma cells (20, 21). In MALT lymphomas, which are devoid of follicular dendritic cells, transformed B lymphocytes are the only apparent source of BCA-1. Several types of leukocytes have been shown to produce chemokines to which they respond, and autocrine or paracrine amplification mechanisms have been proposed for chemokine-driven pathological processes (22). The conclusions of our study do not omit the possibility — suggested by experiments with lymphocyte-deficient (RAG-1–/–) and B lymphocyte–deficient (mMT) mice — that the B lymphocytes of the MALT release substances (namely lymphotoxin-ab and TNF) that stimulate dendritic cells to produce BCA-1 (23).

The observation made in this study that transformed B lymphocytes express high levels of BCA-1 may explain why MALT lymphomas have a relatively low propensity to infiltrate neighboring tissues. Because the neoplastic cells strongly express CXCR5, it is conceivable that BCA-1 may contribute to their retention within the gastric mucosa. Contributing to the same line of thought is the demonstration of lymphocyte homing receptors and vascular addressins in low-grade MALT lymphoma (24). Furthermore, it is possible that BCA-1 expression in gastric MALT lymphomas is linked to their dependence on chronic antigen exposure (25).

Of particular interest is the demonstration that BCA-1 is not expressed by the mucosal epithelial cells, which are known to produce other CXC chemokines such as IL-8, ENA78, and GROα upon exposure to Hp (26–28). Inflammatory chemokines released by epithelial cells may attract immature dendritic cells to mucosal sites, where bacterial products induce their maturation and activation (29). Our findings are compatible with the possibility that mature dendritic cells release BCA-1 and serve as nucleation sites for the onset of a humoral immune response and the development of gastric MALT.

The demonstration that BCA-1 is highly expressed in the context of the infection-dependent formation of gastric MALT and MALT lymphomas brings up a new aspect of chemokine biology. Up to now, inflammatory and homing (homeostatic) chemokines have been considered to be 2 functionally separate classes (30). BCA-1 has properties of both classes: it is constitutively expressed in lymphoid tissues where it regulates the homing of B lymphocytes (11, 12), but it is also induced, like an inflammatory chemokine, in the Hp-infected mucosa and appears to be involved in the pathology of chronic Hp infection.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank B. Moser for the BCA-1 probe, and J. Gebbers, Institute of Pathology, Kantonspital, Lucerne, Switzerland for providing archival tissue. This work was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation grants 31-52427.97 (to L. Mazzucchelli) and 31-055996.98 (to M. Baggiolini).

Footnotes

This article may have been published online in advance of the print edition. The date of publication is available from the JCI website, http://www.jci.org.

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Version history
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