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Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: the importance of changing cell state in development and disease
Hervé Acloque, Meghan S. Adams, Katherine Fishwick, Marianne Bronner-Fraser, M. Angela Nieto
Hervé Acloque, Meghan S. Adams, Katherine Fishwick, Marianne Bronner-Fraser, M. Angela Nieto
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Review Series

Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: the importance of changing cell state in development and disease

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Abstract

The events that convert adherent epithelial cells into individual migratory cells that can invade the extracellular matrix are known collectively as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Throughout evolution, the capacity of cells to switch between these two cellular states has been fundamental in the generation of complex body patterns. Here, we review the EMT events that build the embryo and further discuss two prototypical processes governed by EMT in amniotes: gastrulation and neural crest formation. Cells undergo EMT to migrate and colonize distant territories. Not surprisingly, this is also the mechanism used by cancer cells to disperse throughout the body.

Authors

Hervé Acloque, Meghan S. Adams, Katherine Fishwick, Marianne Bronner-Fraser, M. Angela Nieto

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Figure 1

Cellular aspects of EMT.

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Cellular aspects of EMT.
(i) Normal epithelial cells contain adherens ju...
(i) Normal epithelial cells contain adherens junctions composed of E-cadherin together with catenins and actin rings. Tight junctions are associated with apical polarity complexes, while integrins interact with components of the basal membrane. (ii) Loss of cell-cell adhesion. EMT inducers repress the transcription of the genes encoding the components of both adherens and tight junctions, inducing the loss of cell polarity. E-cadherin is internalized and targeted for degradation. (iii) Breakdown of the basal membrane and apical constriction. Profound cytoskeletal remodeling will favor cell delamination by inducing apical constriction and disorganization of the basal membrane. (iv) Cell delamination and invasion. Expression of integrin receptors and continued activation of metalloproteases favors migration through the extracellular matrix and invasion of adjacent tissues.

Copyright © 2026 American Society for Clinical Investigation
ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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