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Enzymatic function of hemoglobin as a nitrite reductase that produces NO under allosteric control
Zhi Huang, … , Alan N. Schechter, Mark T. Gladwin
Zhi Huang, … , Alan N. Schechter, Mark T. Gladwin
Published August 1, 2005
Citation Information: J Clin Invest. 2005;115(8):2099-2107. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI24650.
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Research Article Hematology Article has an altmetric score of 6

Enzymatic function of hemoglobin as a nitrite reductase that produces NO under allosteric control

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Abstract

Hypoxic vasodilation is a fundamental, highly conserved physiological response that requires oxygen and/or pH sensing coupled to vasodilation. While this process was first characterized more than 80 years ago, the precise identity and mechanism of the oxygen sensor and mediators of vasodilation remain uncertain. In support of a possible role for hemoglobin (Hb) as a sensor and effector of hypoxic vasodilation, here we show biochemical evidence that Hb exhibits enzymatic behavior as a nitrite reductase, with maximal NO generation rates occurring near the oxy-to-deoxy (R-to-T) allosteric structural transition of the protein. The observed rate of nitrite reduction by Hb deviates from second-order kinetics, and sigmoidal reaction progress is determined by a balance between 2 opposing chemistries of the heme in the R (oxygenated conformation) and T (deoxygenated conformation) allosteric quaternary structures of the Hb tetramer — the greater reductive potential of deoxyheme in the R state tetramer and the number of unligated deoxyheme sites necessary for nitrite binding, which are more plentiful in the T state tetramer. These opposing chemistries result in a maximal nitrite reduction rate when Hb is 40–60% saturated with oxygen (near the Hb P50), an apparent ideal set point for hypoxia-responsive NO generation. These data suggest that the oxygen sensor for hypoxic vasodilation is determined by Hb oxygen saturation and quaternary structure and that the nitrite reductase activity of Hb generates NO gas under allosteric and pH control.

Authors

Zhi Huang, Sruti Shiva, Daniel B. Kim-Shapiro, Rakesh P. Patel, Lorna A. Ringwood, Cynthia E. Irby, Kris T. Huang, Chien Ho, Neil Hogg, Alan N. Schechter, Mark T. Gladwin

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Figure 1

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Reaction of nitrite with deoxyHb reveals deviation from first-order kine...
Reaction of nitrite with deoxyHb reveals deviation from first-order kinetics and equimolar product yields of metHb and iron-nitrosyl-Hb. (A) Progress of the nitrite-Hb reaction under conditions of excess nitrite (10 mM nitrite with 50 μM heme) monitored spectrophotometrically by formation of ferric hemes at 630 nm (baseline at 700 nm) under anaerobic conditions or during partial oxygenation (18% oxyHb). 50 μM metHb gives A630 of 0.12 with 10 mM nitrite present. (B) The fit of the natural log of deoxyheme concentration versus time for conditions shown in A, where Ln[deoxyheme] is the natural log of the deoxyheme concentration at each time point. The deoxyheme concentration at each time point was determined by spectral deconvolution. (C) Effects of oxygen leak on product yields in the nitrite-Hb reaction (calculated by spectral deconvolution for reactions in A). (D) Instantaneous rate of deoxyheme consumption over time during the course of a single reaction under the conditions in A. The instantaneous rate of deoxyheme consumption was found by negative change of deoxyheme concentration between 2 adjacent time points (–d[deoxyheme]) over the time interval (dt) where d is change and t is time. (E) Progress of the reaction of nitrite (10 mM) with varying initial concentrations of deoxyheme monitored by the formation of metheme at 630 nm. (F) Effect of varying the initial deoxyheme concentration (concentration of deoxyheme at the beginning of the reaction; [DeoxyHb]initial) on the initial rate of the reaction calculated from the data in E. The initial reaction rate is the rate of ferric heme formation at the beginning of the reaction calculated as the average rate over the first 200 seconds using extinction coefficient of 3.4 at 630 nm (the rate of deoxyheme consumption is approximately twice as fast).

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ISSN: 0021-9738 (print), 1558-8238 (online)

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Referenced in 7 patents
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