Autophagic vacuoles in human liver tissue. Transmission electron micrograph of a liver biopsy specimen from an individual homozygous for α₁ATZ is shown. (a) One of the relatively normal hepatocytes that can be seen in such livers. (b) A hepatocyte with markedly dilated rough ER (rER). (c) An autophagic vacuole evolving adjacent to rER. (d) Nascent autophagosomes; (e) degradative autophagosomes. Bar, 100 nm. Taken from ref. 25 with permission.