In This Issue

(See article on pages 1447–1453.)

Boytim and colleagues previously reported that a short peptide derived from the class II major histocompati-bility complex (MHC) molecule strongly suppresses the proliferation of cultured lymphocytes. They proposed then that this peptide (DQ 65-79), like a corresponding MHC I-derived peptide that they had studied, might prove useful for suppressing graft rejection. Here, the same group explores the effects of DQ 65-79 on the sig-naling pathway that activates T-cells in response to IL-2, comparing the effects of this peptide with those of the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin. They find that both treatments block a downstream event in IL2 sig-naling, the activation of the S6 kinase, but that DQ 65-79 interferes at an earlier step than does rapamycin. Not-ing a similarity between the sequence of the peptide and a conserved catalytic region of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase—an enzyme that is activated at an early and critical step of IL2 signaling—Boytim et al. tested the effect of DQ 65-79 on PI 3-kinase in vitro. They report here that the peptide acts by a still-uncertain mechanism to inhibit this lipid kinase in a dose-dependent manner. This peptide could therefore repre-sent a cryptic immunomodulatory sequence within the class II MHC. The challenge remains to determine whether the MHC protein (or, indeed, the PI3-kinase) is processed in vivo to generate a peptide inhibitor of the IL2 signaling pathway.

(See article on pages 1429–1436.)

Binding of interferon (IFN)-g to its receptor IFNgR1 represents a crucial early event in immune responses to bacteria and viruses, as seen in the occasional person genetically deficient in IFNgR1. Such individuals typi-cally die in childhood, and, since the fatal illness is often an uncontrollable mycobacterial infection caused by vaccination with live attenuated bacille Calmette-Guérin, it would be of great value to identify children with homozygous defects in the IFN gR1 gene before vaccination. Jouanguy and coworkers have identified 3 children, of diverse ethnic backgrounds, who experi-enced severe mycobacterial disease after vaccination. These authors now report that the IFN gR1 alleles segre- gating in these families are of a novel class that would not be detected by standard assays. Unlike previously defined strong mutations in this gene, which intro-duced premature termination codons and would be expected to block IFNgR1 surface expression entirely, the 4 alleles described here are missense mutations or short in-frame deletions, and their products reach the surface of lymphocytes and monocytes. Despite their efficient surface expression and generally normal con-formation, as judged by binding to various monoclon-al antibodies, these mutant forms of the receptor fail to bind IFN-g. The authors discuss the structural changes in the mutant IFNgR1 protein in light of other data on ligand- and antibody-binding sites in this receptor, and they propose that ligand-binding or other functional assays for the receptor, in addition to antibody-based detection assays, should be standard tools used to diag-nose IFNgR1 deficiency.

(See article on pages 1383–1393.)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that activate T cell responses against specific anti-gens. The potential use of DCs as an adjuvant to pro-voke cellular immunity against tumor antigens has inspired considerable excitement, and here Fushimi et al. describe a simple strategy by which to provoke the desired response by DCs and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The chemokine MIP-3α attracts DCs in cell cul-ture experiments and also promotes their maturation to a form that efficiently primes CTL responses against antigens presented by the DCs. By instilling tumors of several types with an adenoviral vector carrying the MIP-3α cDNA, Fushimi and colleagues show that they can activate DC migration into tumors and thereby extend the life of the host animal signifi-cantly. As expected, the protection against these tumors depends on CTLs, since it does not occur in CD8 deficient mice. Naïve mice, in addition, can be protected from growth of the relevant tumor type by passive transfer of splenocytes from tumor-bearing mice that received the recombinant adenovirus. Cru-cially, treated animals enjoy protection systemically, not only at the site at which the virus was introduced, sug-gesting that CTLs activated by this means can target both metastases and cells of the primary tumor.