Complex roles for NF-κB in integrating signaling between and within neurons and glial cells. Following brain injury, NF-κB is activated in neurons and glial cells (astrocytes and microglia). Activation of NF-κB in neurons induces production of antiapoptotic gene products and proteins involved in modulating synaptic plasticity. Activation of NF-κB in glial cells results in production of proinflammatory cytokines, and potentially neurotoxic reactive oxygen species and excitotoxins. APP, amyloid precursor protein; CBPs, calcium-binding proteins; EAA, excitatory amino acid; GlutR, glutamate receptors; IAP, inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins; NO, nitric oxide; NTF, neurotrophic factor.