Images of coronal sections obtained with fMRI, showing areas of brain activation and deactivation during cocaine intoxication compared with those after saline administration. During intoxication there is a complex pattern of activation and/or deactivation that includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra (SN), where DA cells are located, as well as regions involved with reward (nucleus accumbens, NAc; basal forebrain, BF; globus pallidus, GP), with memory (amygdala), and with motivation (subcallosal cortex, SCC). The color scale indicates the level of significance (P value) of the change in activation of the bold signal. Reproduced with permission from Neuron (9).