Functional variants of <i>POC5</i> identified in patients with idiopathic scoliosis

Shunmoogum A. Patten; Patricia Margaritte-Jeannin; Jean-Claude Bernard; Eudeline Alix; Audrey Labalme; Alicia Besson; Simon L. Girard; Khaled Fendri; Nicolas Fraisse; Bernard Biot; Coline Poizat; Amandine Campan-Fournier; Kariman Abelin-Genevois; Vincent Cunin; Charlotte Zaouter; Meijiang Liao; Raphaelle Lamy; Gaetan Lesca; Rita Menassa; Charles Marcaillou; Melanie Letexier; Damien Sanlaville; Jerome Berard; Guy A. Rouleau; Françoise Clerget-Darpoux; Pierre Drapeau; Florina Moldovan; Patrick Edery

doi:10.1172/JCI77262

Functional variants of POC5 identified in patients with idiopathic scoliosis

Shunmoogum A. Patten,^1,2 Patricia Margaritte-Jeannin,³ Jean-Claude Bernard,⁴ Eudeline Alix,⁵ Audrey Labalme,⁵ Alicia Besson,⁶ Simon L. Girard,⁷ Khaled Fendri,¹ Nicolas Fraisse,⁴ Bernard Biot,⁴ Coline Poizat,⁵ Amandine Campan-Fournier,⁶ Kariman Abelin-Genevois,⁸ Vincent Cunin,⁸ Charlotte Zaouter,¹ Meijiang Liao,² Raphaelle Lamy,⁹ Gaetan Lesca,^5,6 Rita Menassa,¹⁰ Charles Marcaillou,¹¹ Melanie Letexier,¹¹ Damien Sanlaville,^5,6 Jerome Berard,⁸ Guy A. Rouleau,⁷ Françoise Clerget-Darpoux,¹² Pierre Drapeau,² Florina Moldovan,¹ and Patrick Edery^5,6

Published February 2, 2015 - More info

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Abstract

Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a spine deformity that affects approximately 3% of the population. The underlying causes of IS are not well understood, although there is clear evidence that there is a genetic component to the disease. Genetic mapping studies suggest high genetic heterogeneity, but no IS disease-causing gene has yet been identified. Here, genetic linkage analyses combined with exome sequencing identified a rare missense variant (p.A446T) in the centriolar protein gene POC5 that cosegregated with the disease in a large family with multiple members affected with IS. Subsequently, the p.A446T variant was found in an additional set of families with IS and in an additional 3 cases of IS. Moreover, POC5 variant p.A455P was present and linked to IS in one family and another rare POC5 variant (p.A429V) was identified in an additional 5 cases of IS. In a zebrafish model, expression of any of the 3 human IS-associated POC5 variant mRNAs resulted in spine deformity, without affecting other skeletal structures. Together, these findings indicate that mutations in the POC5 gene contribute to the occurrence of IS.

Introduction

Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a 3D spinal deformity characterized by lateral curvature of the spine of 10° or more, as measured by Cobb’s method, and rotation of the vertebral bodies. The etiology of IS remains unknown, but several studies strongly suggest a contribution from genetic factors (1, 2). Familial aggregation of IS cases was first observed many decades ago (3–5), and the disease is familial in approximately 40% of cases (6, 7). In some of these cases, transmission of the trait appears to be autosomal dominant. However, the results of genome-wide linkage studies in multiplex families were inconclusive, suggesting that IS is genetically heterogeneous (8–10). GWAS in case/control samples were recently used to identify candidate loci for IS susceptibility (11–13); however, functional variants unambiguously causing IS have not yet been identified. In the present study, we sought to refine the search for IS susceptibility loci and to identify the disease-causing gene in a large family with a high prevalence of IS.

Results and Discussion

Using the affected-only method in a large multiplex family with 11 affected individuals and 1 obligate carrier (family F2), we previously mapped a causative IS gene to either chromosome 5q13.3 or 3q12.3 (8). To identify the IS disease-causing gene, we refined the candidate regions for family F2 to chromosome 5q13.3: 73,905,694–79,488,191 (NCBI hg19; Supplemental Figure 1; supplemental material available online with this article; doi:10.1172/JCI77262DS1) and chromosome 3q12.3: 95,083,093–107,153,338 (NCBI hg19; data not shown) and performed whole-exome sequencing on 3 affected individuals from this family.

This provided a sequencing depth per target base of 134 times on average, with at least 10 times for 98.6% of bases (Supplemental Figure 2 and Supplemental Table 1). Variant calling revealed 825 changes (599 single nucleotide variants [SNVs] and 226 indels) in the 3q12.3 and 5q13.3 critical chromosomal regions for these 3 subjects. To identify potentially pathogenic variants, we first excluded synonymous variants or variants located in introns, except for those affecting consensus splice sites. We then parsed a total of 172 variants (Supplemental Table 2) to keep only those that were novel or rare (minor allele frequency [MAF] <5%), which yielded 2 candidate SNVs, one in GPR128 and the other in POC5 (Table 1). We excluded the GPR128 SNV because it did not cosegregate with IS in family F2. The other SNV, c.G1336A, is located in the POC5 gene (NM_001099271; Supplemental Table 3), where it results in a single amino acid change, p.A446T. The presence of this SNV was then confirmed by Sanger sequencing in all affected members of family F2 (Figure 1). The c.G1336A POC5 SNV was also observed in 3 probands from 40 additional multiplex IS families and cosegregated with the disease in all 3 families (F19, F35, and F41, Figure 2A and Supplemental Figure 3, A–C). Cotransmission of this SNV and the disease in families F19, F35, and F41 occurred in 6 meioses (4 meioses in family F19, 1 meiosis in family F35, and 1 meiosis in family F41; Figure 2A). Thus, the probability of a random occurrence of this cosegregation is very low (1 in 64, or ~1.6%). This reinforces the hypothesis that either this SNV or a neighboring DNA modification plays a role in IS. This SNV was also identified in 3/300 chromosomes (1.00%) examined from isolated IS cases (Figure 2A) and was found in 19 chromosomes of 1,268 control individuals of similar ancestry (French, French Canadian, or European, allelic frequency: 19/2536 [~0.75%]).

Figure 1

Identification of a rare POC5 SNV in family F2. Exome sequencing identifies a rare missense SNV in POC5, c.1336G>A, listed in dbSNP138 (rs34678567). Sample chromatograms for a healthy individual without this SNV (upper left panel) and for an affected individual with this SNV (lower left panel) are shown. The pedigree of family F2 is shown. Cobb’s angle and genotype at the mutated position are indicated below symbols corresponding to individuals. U, uncertain status; ND, status not determined.

Figure 2

IS families and cases with exon 10 POC5 SNVs. Forty additional IS families and 150 IS cases were studied. (A) IS families F19, F35, and F41 and IS cases C39, C58, and C83 show the same c.1336G>A POC5 rare missense SNV listed in dbSNP138 (rs34678567). Sample chromatogram for an IS patient with this SNV is shown. The position of the SNV is indicated by an arrow above the chromatogram. Pedigrees of families and cases are shown. (B) IS family F31 harboring the c.1363G>C POC5 novel missense SNV and corresponding chromatogram. (C) IS cases C1, C77, C137, C149, and C150 harboring the c.1286C>T POC5 rare missense SNV listed in dbSNP138 (rs146984380) and corresponding sequence chromatograms. Cobb’s angle and genotype at the mutated position are indicated below symbols corresponding to individuals.

Table 1

Criteria used for filtering whole-exome sequencing SNVs and indels

In addition, a previously unreported POC5 SNV, c.G1363C (p.A455P), was detected in affected members of IS family F31 (Figure 2B and Supplemental Figure 3D). This SNV was found neither in IS cases C1–C150 nor in control individuals. Another rare POC5 variant, c.C1286T (p.A429V), was identified in 5/300 chromosomes (~1.65%) from IS patients (Figure 2C and Supplemental Figure 3E), but not in familial IS. This variation is present in 9 chromosomes of control individuals (allelic frequency: 9/2536 [0.34%]). Both the c.G1336A (p.A446T) and c.C1286T (p.A429V) POC5 SNVs were found more frequently in 191 IS probands than in the controls (P = 0.0445 and P = 0.0273, respectively; Supplemental Table 4). Given that the c.G1336A (p.A446T) POC5 SNV was found in 4/41 multiplex IS families, we considered the hypothesis that these 4 IS families could be related. We therefore used the Omniexpress SNP array to determine whether there was a founder effect for this SNV. The variant was found to occur on the same 166-kb ancestral haplotype (denoted H), including the whole POC5 gene and part of the neighboring ANKDD1B gene, in all IS patients of this study (Supplemental Figure 4), suggesting that they are remotely related.

To test whether the c.G1336A (p.A446T), c.G1363C (p.A455P), and c.C1286T (p.A429V) POC5 SNVs are functional or in linkage disequilibrium with another nearby functional DNA modification, we examined the effects of these POC5 SNVs on skeletal development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Vertebrate spines share remarkable similarities, and given that POC5 is highly conserved (14) between species and because of the conservation between the zebrafish and human orthologs (58% amino acid similarity), zebrafish should be an accurate model in studying the role of this gene in human IS (15, 16). First, endogenous poc5 knockdown caused a curly-tailed phenotype; however, embryos with this mutation did not survive past 72 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Coinjection of WT human POC5 mRNA rescued the phenotype of poc5 knockdown zebrafish, but not mutated versions of POC5 mRNA, indicating that the human gene can compensate for the zebrafish gene (Supplemental Figures 5 and 6). To exclude the possibility that this axial phenotype may have resulted from nonspecific or mistargeting effects of the morpholino (MO), we also designed and injected zebrafish embryos with a poc5 splice-blocking morpholino (SBMO). Embryos injected with the poc5 SBMO also exhibited a curly-tailed phenotype (Supplemental Figure 7). Next, exogenous versions of WT or mutant c.G1336A (p.A446T), c.G1363C (p.A455P), and c.C1286T (p.A429V) human POC5 mRNAs were expressed in zebrafish at different concentrations (Supplemental Figures 8 and 9). Embryos expressing mutant POC5 mRNAs, but not WT POC5 mRNAs, showed an overt axial phenotype after 72 hpf, ranging from mild to severe curvature of the body axis in approximately 50% of injected embryos (P < 0.001; Figure 3A). When mut-POC5 fish reached juvenile stages (50–60 days post-fertilization [dpf]), striking curvature of the fully mineralized vertebral column was observed (Figure 3B), in some instances combined with vertebral rotation (Figure 3B and Supplemental Video 1) reminiscent of the 3D deformation observed in IS patients. Importantly, no other skeletal or body malformations were observed, including misshapen, missing, or fused vertebrae. The severity of larval phenotypes upon overexpression of mutated POC5 resulted in spine defects of similar magnitude in juvenile fish.

Figure 3

Expression of human POC5 SNVs leads to scoliosis in zebrafish. Zebrafish expressing mutant POC5 mRNAs, but not WT POC5 mRNAs, showed an overt axial phenotype after 72 hpf, ranging from mild to severe curvature of the body axis in approximately 50% of injected embryos (P < 0.001, χ² test). (A) Left panel: mutant zebrafish phenotypes (3–5 dpf). Images illustrating the various degrees of severity of axial spine deformities. Axial spine deformities are indicated by arrows. Right panel: after 3 dpf, embryos injected with 50 ng/μl, mut-POC5 mRNAs c.G1336A (n = 153), c.G1363C (n = 149), and c.C1286T (n = 130) exhibited mild to severe curvature of the body axis compared with noninjected WT (n = 234), and WT POC5–injected (n = 122) embryos. (B) Lateral view (left panels) of WT and mut-POC5 juvenile zebrafish. MicroCT images (right panels) of WT fish showed a fully mineralized normal spine, while mut-POC5 fish present spine curvature and rotation reminiscent of IS.

To define the spatiotemporal expression of Poc5 in developing embryos and larvae, we performed whole-mount in situ hybridization (Supplemental Figure 10). Poc5 was expressed ubiquitously during early somitogenesis. Its expression became restricted to the head and bud region by 24 hpf. By 48 hpf and 72 hpf, its expression became even more confined, to the telencephalon, midbrain, and midbrain-hindbrain boundary. At 72 hpf, expression was particularly strong at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, a crucial center organizing brain patterning (17). Given that the poc5 gene is ubiquitously expressed during somitogenesis and that injected embryos show defects in the formation of axial structures, poc5 could thus play an important role in early aspects of anterior-posterior axis development. These axial defects likely persist and later affect spine formation.

Very little is currently known about the role of POC5. In humans, POC5 localizes to the distal portion of centrioles and is recruited to procentrioles for full centriolar maturation and normal cell-cycle processing (14). This centrosomal protein interacts with centrin (18) and inversin, both involved in cell division, polarity, and motility. Thus, the function of primary cilia and left-right axis determination may be somehow impaired in patients and connected to IS. Interestingly, the 3 functional POC5 variants result in the switch of an alanine residue (alanine to tyrosine, valine, or proline) and are located in the same region of the gene (NM_001099271, exon 10), suggesting that this region may be functionally significant.

Although phenotypic information regarding IS is not available for individuals in the control cohort of French descent, the penetrance of the disease associated with these SNVs in humans appears to be low for c.G1336A (p.A446T) and c.C1286T (p.A429V), which are present in this cohort at a frequency of 0.75% and 0.34%, respectively. This makes it difficult to explain the high number of affected individuals in families F2 and F19 among carriers of the c.G1336A (p.A446T) SNV (16/20, Figure 1 and Figure 2A). However, a risk-modifying allele, which amplifies disease expression, could also cosegregate in these families. Such a modifier allele may be located on 3q12.3 in family F2, where the same chromosome 3q12.3 haplotype segregates in all 11 affected patients, but not in the unaffected c.G1336A (p.A446T) POC5 SNV carrier. We are currently attempting to identify this modifier allele in family F2. However, in IS family F19, the putative risk-modifying allele is not located on chromosome 3q12.3, because affected members of this family do not share a common haplotype in the critical 3q12.3 IS interval (data not shown). These data suggest that the modifier allele may be different in the different families where the c.G1336A (p.A446T) POC5 SNV segregates. If we assume that at least 2 genes are required for disease expression, the combination of 2 rare variants with low marginal penetrance could confer high disease penetrance in carriers. This type of model could explain both the phenotypic and genetic observations in families F2 and F19 and why large multiplex IS families are so rare, as the disease recurrence risk in the sibship of a patient would be less than or equal to one-fourth.

Finally, in the context of this highly heterogeneous disorder with possible digenic inheritance for a subgroup of patients, identifying POC5 as what we believe to be the first IS-causing gene is a major step toward deciphering the genetic causes of IS. This crucial step will pave the way for future studies to identify additional genes or pathways involved in IS. Further studies of large cohorts of various ethnicities are needed to determine the contribution of POC5 genetic variants to IS in other populations and to establish the prevalence of these variants in the general population. In the future, drawing a complete picture of the genetic events leading to IS will help with devising preventive strategies and, it is hoped, therapies in this complex disorder.

Methods

Diagnosis of IS. A total of 480 individuals, which includes 330 individuals belonging to 41 multiplex IS families and 150 IS cases, participated in this study (Supplemental Figure 11, A–C). The control population was of similar ancestry and consisted of 1,268 individuals. IS was diagnosed by combining clinical examination and analysis of X-ray images of the spine, and the “affected” status was defined by a Cobb’s angle above or equal to 15° and rotation of vertebrae (see Supplemental Methods and Supplemental Table 5).

Whole-exome capture and sequencing. A potential causal variant in F2 was searched using whole-exome sequencing. See Supplemental Methods for details of exome analysis; see Supplemental Methods and Supplemental Tables 6 and 7 for details on sequencing analyses. Next-generation sequencing results were deposited in the NCBI’s Sequence Read Archive (SRA SRP050379).

Zebrafish experiments. The phenotypic consequences of overexpressing WT and mutated human POC5 mRNAs in zebrafish were studied. See Supplemental Methods and Supplemental Table 8 for details of zebrafish experiments.

Statistics. A χ² test was used to analyze the statistical significance of differences in the zebrafish phenotype distributions between experimental groups. The allelic frequency of each POC5 SNVs was compared between IS cases and the control population using a 1-tailed Fischer’s exact test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Study approval. Written informed consent was received from all patients prior to enrollment in the study. Collection and use of patient samples for this study were approved by the ethics committee of the Hospices Civils de Lyon and CHU Sainte-Justine. All zebrafish work was carried out according to Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) guidelines and approved by the local animal care committee.

Further details are available in the Supplemental Methods.

Acknowledgments

We express our heartfelt thanks to the patients and families who participated in this study. We thank Faiza Senni and Facilah Gence for establishing the IS cohort and Abdelhamid Bekri for running the automated in situ hybridization system provided by Flogentec. We are grateful to Jean Dubousset for enthusiastic and interesting discussions. We thank M. Gallagher-Gambarelli for her editorial assistance and Alexandre Dionne-Laporte for his bioinformatics assistance. S.A. Patten was supported by CHU Sainte-Justine, Foundation of Stars, and Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) fellowships. This work was supported by the Fondation Yves Cotrel-Institut de France (by grants to F. Moldovan, P. Edery, and S.A. Patten); the Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, the Université de Montréal, Fonds Ernest Charron and Réseau de Recherche en Santé Buccodentaire et Osseuse (RSBO) (by grants to F. Moldovan); CIHR (by grants to P. Drapeau and F. Moldovan); the French Ministry of Health (Plan Maladies Rares 2004), the Fondation Maladies Rares, the Hospices Civils de Lyon; Inserm; and CNRS and Lyon 1 University (by grants to P. Edery).

Address correspondence to: Florina Moldovan, CHU Sainte Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine 4th floor, Room 4731, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada. Phone: 15143454931, ext. 5746; E-mail: florina.moldovan@umontreal.ca. Or to: Patrick Edery, Hospices Civils de Lyon, HFME 6th floor, 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron Cedex 69677, France. Phone: 33472129698; E-mail: patrick.edery@chu-lyon.fr.

References

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View this article via: PubMed Google Scholar

Wise CA, Barnes R, Gillum J, Herring JA, Bowcock AM, Lovett M. Localization of susceptibility to familial idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(18):2372–2380.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

Cowell HR, Hall JN, MacEwen GD. Genetic aspects of idiopathic scoliosis. A Nicholas Andry Award essay, 1970. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;86:121–131.
View this article via: PubMed Google Scholar

Garland HG. Hereditary scoliosis. Br Med J. 1934;1(3816):328.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

Harrington PR. The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat. 1977;(126):17–25.

Miller NH. Genetics of familial idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;462:6–10.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

Mongird-Nakonieczna J, Kozlowski B. [Familial occurrence of idiopathic scoliosis]. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 1976;41(2):161–165.
View this article via: PubMed Google Scholar

Edery P, et al. New disease gene location and high genetic heterogeneity in idiopathic scoliosis. Eur J Hum Genet. 2011;19(8):865–869.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

Ocaka L, et al. Assignment of two loci for autosomal dominant adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to chromosomes 9q31.2-q34.2 and 17q25.3-qtel. J Med Genet. 2008;45(2):87–92.
View this article via: PubMed Google Scholar

Alden KJ, Marosy B, Nzegwu N, Justice CM, Wilson AF, Miller NH. Idiopathic scoliosis: identification of candidate regions on chromosome 19p13. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(16):1815–1819.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

Takahashi Y, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies common variants near LBX1 associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Genet. 2011;43(12):1237–1240.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

Sharma S, et al. Genome-wide association studies of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis suggest candidate susceptibility genes. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20(7):1456–1466.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

Kou I, et al. Genetic variants in GPR126 are associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Genet. 2013;45(6):676–679.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

Azimzadeh J, et al. hPOC5 is a centrin-binding protein required for assembly of full-length centrioles. J Cell Biol. 2009;185(1):101–114.
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Santoriello C, Zon LI. Hooked! Modeling human disease in zebrafish. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(7):2337–2343.
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Ellis K, Bagwell J, Bagnat M. Notochord vacuoles are lysosome-related organelles that function in axis and spine morphogenesis. J Cell Biol. 2013;200(5):667–679.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

Wassef M, Joyner AL. Early mesencephalon/metencephalon patterning and development of the cerebellum. Perspect Dev Neurobiol. 1997;5(1):3–16.
View this article via: PubMed Google Scholar

Dantas TJ, et al. Calcium-binding capacity of centrin2 is required for linear POC5 assembly but not for nucleotide excision repair. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68487.
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[1] Wynne-Davies R. Familial (idiopathic) scoliosis. A family survey. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1968;50(1):24–30.
View this article via: PubMed Google Scholar

[2] Wise CA, Barnes R, Gillum J, Herring JA, Bowcock AM, Lovett M. Localization of susceptibility to familial idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(18):2372–2380.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

[3] Cowell HR, Hall JN, MacEwen GD. Genetic aspects of idiopathic scoliosis. A Nicholas Andry Award essay, 1970. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;86:121–131.
View this article via: PubMed Google Scholar

[4] Garland HG. Hereditary scoliosis. Br Med J. 1934;1(3816):328.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

[5] Harrington PR. The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat. 1977;(126):17–25.

[6] Miller NH. Genetics of familial idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;462:6–10.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

[7] Mongird-Nakonieczna J, Kozlowski B. [Familial occurrence of idiopathic scoliosis]. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 1976;41(2):161–165.
View this article via: PubMed Google Scholar

[8] Edery P, et al. New disease gene location and high genetic heterogeneity in idiopathic scoliosis. Eur J Hum Genet. 2011;19(8):865–869.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

[9] Ocaka L, et al. Assignment of two loci for autosomal dominant adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to chromosomes 9q31.2-q34.2 and 17q25.3-qtel. J Med Genet. 2008;45(2):87–92.
View this article via: PubMed Google Scholar

[10] Alden KJ, Marosy B, Nzegwu N, Justice CM, Wilson AF, Miller NH. Idiopathic scoliosis: identification of candidate regions on chromosome 19p13. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(16):1815–1819.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

[11] Takahashi Y, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies common variants near LBX1 associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Genet. 2011;43(12):1237–1240.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

[12] Sharma S, et al. Genome-wide association studies of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis suggest candidate susceptibility genes. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20(7):1456–1466.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

[13] Kou I, et al. Genetic variants in GPR126 are associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Nat Genet. 2013;45(6):676–679.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

[14] Azimzadeh J, et al. hPOC5 is a centrin-binding protein required for assembly of full-length centrioles. J Cell Biol. 2009;185(1):101–114.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

[15] Santoriello C, Zon LI. Hooked! Modeling human disease in zebrafish. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(7):2337–2343.
View this article via: JCI PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

[16] Ellis K, Bagwell J, Bagnat M. Notochord vacuoles are lysosome-related organelles that function in axis and spine morphogenesis. J Cell Biol. 2013;200(5):667–679.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

[17] Wassef M, Joyner AL. Early mesencephalon/metencephalon patterning and development of the cerebellum. Perspect Dev Neurobiol. 1997;5(1):3–16.
View this article via: PubMed Google Scholar

[18] Dantas TJ, et al. Calcium-binding capacity of centrin2 is required for linear POC5 assembly but not for nucleotide excision repair. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68487.
View this article via: PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar

Functional variants of POC5 identified in patients with idiopathic scoliosis

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