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Research LetterIn-Press PreviewImmunologyInflammation Open Access | 10.1172/JCI196381

Human adenosine deaminase type 2 deficiency: enhanced NK cell activation but impaired maturation and function

Jarne Beliën,1 Amber De Visscher,2 Bethany Pillay,3 Marjon Wouters,3 Verena Kienapfel,3 Eline Bernaerts,2 Tania Mitera,2 Nele Berghmans,4 Bénédicte Dubois,1 Leen Moens,3 Patrick Matthys,2 and Isabelle Meyts3

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by Beliën, J. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by De Visscher, A. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by Pillay, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by Wouters, M. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by Kienapfel, V. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by Bernaerts, E. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by Mitera, T. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by Berghmans, N. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by Dubois, B. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by Moens, L. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by Matthys, P. in: PubMed | Google Scholar

1Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

2Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tra, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

3Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immuno, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

4Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology , Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Find articles by Meyts, I. in: PubMed | Google Scholar |

Published November 4, 2025 - More info

J Clin Invest. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI196381.
Copyright © 2025, Beliën et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Published November 4, 2025 - Version history
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