Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent mediator of blood vessel dilation and is released by several cell sources. Red blood cells (rbc) release NO when hemoglobin that has been S-nitrosylated at Cys93 of the β-chain (βCys93) transitions from the oxygenated form to the deoxygenated form. This transition occurs in response to reduced tissue oxygenation and is an important physiologic regulator of hypoxic vasodilation. In this issue of the
Claude A. Piantadosi
CD8+ T cells play a central role in eradicating intracellular pathogens, but also are important for noninfectious diseases, including cancer and autoimmunity. The ability to clinically manipulate CD8+ T cells to target cancer and autoimmune disease is limited by our ignorance of relevant self-peptide target antigens. In this issue of the
Devin Dersh, Jonathan W. Yewdell
Cognitive impairment, an underappreciated consequence of hypertension, is linked to cerebral arteriolar disease through poorly defined mechanisms. A study by Farco et al. in this issue of the
D.G. Harrison, Tomasz J. Guzik
An increasing amount of evidence suggests that metabolic alterations play a key role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) pathogenesis. In this issue of the
Szu Yuan Li, Katalin Susztak
Some autoimmune disorders are monogenetic diseases; however, clinical manifestations among individuals vary, despite the presence of identical mutations in the disease-causing gene. In this issue of the
Stuart G. Tangye
Hepatocyte death, which can be apoptosis or necrosis depending on the context, is a prominent feature of liver disease. The lectin concanavalin A (ConA) activates immune cells, resulting in inflammatory liver injury and hepatocyte necrosis. In this issue of the
Lily Dara, Zhang-Xu Liu, Neil Kaplowitz
Recent findings have linked brain swelling to death in cerebral malaria (CM). These observations have prompted a number of investigations into the mechanisms of this pathology with the goal of identifying potential therapeutic targets. In this issue of the
Jens E.V. Petersen, Thomas Lavstsen, Alister Craig
Dysregulation of the type 2 immune system presents with various manifestations, including allergic inflammation, and has emerged as an alarming public health issue. The pathological mechanisms that underlie T helper type 2 cell–driven (Th2-driven) allergic diseases remain unclear. In particular, it is not completely understood how type 2 immunity is restricted in inflammatory responses. In this issue of the
Yun Liang, Johann E. Gudjonsson
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a cardiac arrhythmia that arises from electrical and contractile dysfunction in the atria. Atrial function is regulated by a variety of intracellular signaling networks that facilitate rapid communication and coordinate responses of atrial myocytes. In this issue of the
Thomas J. Hund, Peter J. Mohler
Mast cells (MCs) are present in various tissues and are responsible for initiating many of the early inflammatory responses to extrinsic challenges. Recent studies have demonstrated that MCs can tailor their responses, depending on the stimulus encountered and the tissue in which they are stimulated. In this issue of the
Jörn Karhausen, Soman N. Abraham
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