A conserved role for Snail as a potentiator of active transcription

M Rembold, L Ciglar, JO Yáñez-Cuna… - Genes & …, 2014 - genesdev.cshlp.org
Genes & development, 2014genesdev.cshlp.org
The transcription factors of the Snail family are key regulators of epithelial–mesenchymal
transitions, cell morphogenesis, and tumor metastasis. Since its discovery in Drosophila∼
25 years ago, Snail has been extensively studied for its role as a transcriptional repressor.
Here we demonstrate that Drosophila Snail can positively modulate transcriptional
activation. By combining information on in vivo occupancy with expression profiling of hand-
selected, staged snail mutant embryos, we identified 106 genes that are potentially directly …
The transcription factors of the Snail family are key regulators of epithelial–mesenchymal transitions, cell morphogenesis, and tumor metastasis. Since its discovery in Drosophila ∼25 years ago, Snail has been extensively studied for its role as a transcriptional repressor. Here we demonstrate that Drosophila Snail can positively modulate transcriptional activation. By combining information on in vivo occupancy with expression profiling of hand-selected, staged snail mutant embryos, we identified 106 genes that are potentially directly regulated by Snail during mesoderm development. In addition to the expected Snail-repressed genes, almost 50% of Snail targets showed an unanticipated activation. The majority of “Snail-activated” genes have enhancer elements cobound by Twist and are expressed in the mesoderm at the stages of Snail occupancy. Snail can potentiate Twist-mediated enhancer activation in vitro and is essential for enhancer activity in vivo. Using a machine learning approach, we show that differentially enriched motifs are sufficient to predict Snail's regulatory response. In silico mutagenesis revealed a likely causative motif, which we demonstrate is essential for enhancer activation. Taken together, these data indicate that Snail can potentiate enhancer activation by collaborating with different activators, providing a new mechanism by which Snail regulates development.
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