Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic
patients. Defining risk factors for DKD using a reductionist approach has proven challenging.
Integrative omics-based systems biology tools have shed new insights in our understanding
of DKD and have provided several key breakthroughs for identifying novel predictive and
diagnostic biomarkers. In this review, we highlight the role of the Warburg effect in DKD and
potential regulating factors such as sphingomyelin, fumarate, and pyruvate kinase muscle …