Mitochondrial dysfunction may play a key role in the progression of steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); however, the molecular mechanism that controls the structure and function of mitochondria in NASH is not clearly understood. Here, we demonstrated that RORα is a regulator of expression of Bnip3 and PGC-1α, and thereby enhances mitochondrial quality. First, we observed that liver-specific RORα knockout mice (RORα-LKO) were more susceptible to high-fat diet-induced NASH compared with control, probably due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Concordantly, mitochondrial fission in response to nutrient stimuli was abolished with downregulation of Bnip3 and phospho-Drp1 in the hepatocytes of RORα-LKO. RORα enhanced oxygen consumption rate and expression of genes associated with mitochondrial quality control. Finally, we observed the positive correlation of the expression levels of Bnip3 and PGC-1α with those of RORα in patients with steatohepatitis. Together, we demonstrated that RORα mediates mitochondrial quality under nutrient-overloaded conditions and propose RORα as a potential therapeutic target in treatment of NASH.