CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) is an integral factor in the granulocytic developmental pathway, as myeloblasts from C/EBPα-null mice exhibit an early block in differentiation. Since mice deficient for known C/EBPα target genes do not exhibit the same block in granulocyte maturation, we sought to identify additional C/EBPα target genes essential for myeloid cell development. To identify such genes, we used both representational difference analysis and oligonucleotide array analysis with RNA derived from a C/EBPα-inducible myeloid cell line. From each of these independent screens, we identified c-Myc as a C/EBPα negatively regulated gene. We mapped an E2F binding site in the c-Myc promoter as the cis-acting element critical for C/EBPα negative regulation. The identification of c-Myc as a C/EBPα target gene is intriguing, as it has been previously shown that down-regulation of c-Myc can induce myeloid differentiation. Here we show that stable expression of c-Myc from an exogenous promoter not responsive to C/EBPα-mediated down-regulation forces myeloblasts to remain in an undifferentiated state. Therefore, C/EBPα negative regulation of c-Myc is critical for allowing early myeloid precursors to enter a differentiation pathway. This is the first report to demonstrate that C/EBPα directly affects the level of c-Myc expression and, thus, the decision of myeloid blasts to enter into the granulocytic differentiation pathway.