Mucosal tolerance remains an attractive approach for the treatment of autoimmune and
inflammatory diseases. The agents used in these treatments lack toxicity, can be easily
administered, and enable the promotion of antigen-specific immune responses. The limited
success of clinical trials over the past 2 decades has led to the fear that the beneficial effect
observed in animal models cannot be repeated in humans. Successful application of
mucosal tolerance for the treatment of human diseases will depend on strategies that target …