Expression of transforming growth factor α (TGFα), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, is a general response of adult murine motoneurons to genetic and experimental lesions, TGFα appearing as an inducer of astrogliosis in these situations. Here we address the possibility that TGFα expression is not specific to pathological situations but may participate to the embryonic development of motoneurons. mRNA of TGFα and its receptor, the EGF receptor (EGFR), were detected by ribonuclease protection assay in the ventral part of the cervical spinal cord from embryonic day 12 (E12) until adult ages. Reverse transcription-PCR amplification of their transcripts from immunopurified E15 motoneurons, associated within situ double-immunohistological assays, identified embryonic motoneurons as cellular sources of the TGFα–EGFR couple.In vitro, TGFα promoted the survival of immunopurified E15 motoneurons in a dose-dependent manner, with a magnitude similar to BDNF neuroprotective effects at equivalent concentrations. In a transgenic mouse expressing a human TGFα transgene under the control of the metallothionein 1 promoter, axotomy of the facial nerve provoked significantly less degeneration in the relevant motor pool of 1-week-old mice than in wild-type animals. No protection was observed in neonates, when the transgene exhibits only weak expression levels in the brainstem. In conclusion, our results point to TGFα as a physiologically relevant candidate for a neurotrophic role on developing motoneurons. Its expression by the embryonic motoneurons, which also synthesize its receptor, suggests that this chemokine is endowed with the capability to promote motoneuron survival in an autocrine–paracrine manner.