The role of apoptosis in regulating the course of intracellular microbial infection is not well understood. We studied the relationship between apoptotic regulation and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment in murine peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) and the J774 macrophage cell line. In both PEM and J774 cells, mRNA expression of the anti-apoptotic gene, A1, was selectively induced by BCG treatment as compared with other bcl2 family members (bcl-w, bcl-2, bcl-xl, bcl-xs, bax, bak, bad). In PEM, A1 expression was maximal by 8 h postinfection and was abrogated by the proteasomal inhibitor MG-132. The induction was independent of protein synthesis as well as the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways and did not require live organism. Three genes encoding closely related isoforms of A1 were all expressed; however, the A1-a isoform displayed the greatest fold induction in PEM. BCG-induced A1 expression was associated with protection of host macrophages from NO-mediated apoptosis in both PEM and J774 cells. BCG-mediated protection was abrogated in PEM derived from A1-a−/− mice, indicating a requirement of A1-a for survival of inflammatory macrophages.