Myofibroblasts of bone marrow origin have recently been found in a number of parenchymal organs such as the gut and kidney. We have analyzed the origin of myofibroblasts within fibrotic liver in 2 scenarios: (1) 7 male patients (hepatitis B; hepatitis B and D; Wilson’s disease; hepatitis B, D, and C; and 3 with hepatitis C) who received liver transplants from female donors and subsequently developed liver fibrosis and (2) a female patient who received a bone marrow transplant from a male donor and subsequently developed hepatitis C—induced cirrhosis.

Through the use of in situ hybridization for the Y chromosome, we have tracked male cells of extrahepatic origin. The phenotype of these male cells was examined by immunohistochemistry using a panel of antibodies against α—smooth muscle actin (αSMA), vimentin, fibulin-2, and leukocyte common antigen (CD45). Confocal microscopy was performed to confirm the location of the Y chromosome probe within the myofibroblast nuclei.

Significant numbers of Y chromosome—positive cells in fibrotic areas were found to be positive for α-SMA, vimentin, and fibulin-2 and negative for CD45, thus having a myofibroblast phenotype. In the liver transplant cases, 6.8%–22.2% of α-SMA—positive myofibroblasts contained the Y chromosome. In the female recipient of a bone marrow transplant from a male donor, 12.4% of the myofibroblasts were Y chromosome positive, indicating a bone marrow origin.

There is a significant contribution to liver cirrhosis in humans from extrahepatically derived myofibroblasts in liver disease of diverse etiology.