Approaches that target costimulatory receptors are independent of T-cell receptor specificity
and may be useful for T-cell-mediated diseases in which the antigens involved are not well
defined. However, the proper costimulatory pathways need to be targeted. For example,
therapies for human T-cell-mediated diseases need to be effective against previously
activated memory cells. In this review, we use autoimmune demyelination as a paradigm for
established immune-mediated pathogenesis. Studies with the human disease multiple …