RNA-localization mechanisms involve specific sequences in the localized RNA and proteins that bind to these sequences and mediate the interaction with cytoskeletal elements. Until recently, it seemed as though two separate types of mechanism were operating for mRNA localization—involving interaction with either microtubules or actin microfilaments. However, it is now clear that some of the protein components involved in mRNA localization can participate in both microtubule- and actin-dependent localization pathways. This, combined with new evidence for evolutionary conservation of some of these proteins, suggests a previously unanticipated uniformity in mRNA-localization mechanisms.