Corneal alkali burns are characterized by persistent inflammatory response and recurrent epithelial erosions. We examine whether immune cell types, ie, T-cells and B-cells, play a role in this devastating process. Rabbit alkali-burned corneas that healed for 1—49 days were subjected to immunostaining with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) LI 1/135 (anti-T-cells), and 2C4 (anti-MHC II DQ). Serum was collected weekly and subjected to Western blot immunostaining to detect antibodies against denatured corneal proteins. Our observations demonstrated that all injured corneas reepithelialized within 3 days but then developed recurrent erosions. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that PMN, monocytes, and B-cells labeled by 2C4 mAb and T-cells labeled by LI 1/135 mAb appeared in the periphery of the cornea at 1 day after alkali burn. Many of these myeloid and lymphoid cells invaded the central stroma after 2 weeks of injuries when the alkali-burned corneas were heavily vascularized. In addition, some fibroblastic cells also expressed the MHC II DQ molecules in the alkali-burned corneas that had healed for< 2 weeks. Plasma cells appeared in granulation tissue of injured corneas that had healed for< 3 weeks. Western blot analysis demonstrated a production of heterogeneous antibodies in a majority of the rabbits (11 of 14) to various denatured corneal proteins (between 80 kDa and 25 kDa) at 5 weeks of alkali burn. Inflammatory cell types, ie, PMN, macrophages could be found underneath the detached epithelium. These observations are consistent with the notion that the myeloid and lymphoid cells may participate in and complicate the healing of corneal alkali burns.