Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium that can be genetically modified to express fusion proteins with antigens specific to certain cancer models. This technology has been harnessed to develop ADXS11-001, a vaccine that aims to elicit an immune response against human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E7.  Pre-clinical studies assessing the efficacy of recombinant Listeria vaccination targeting this same oncoprotein have consistently demonstrated successful reduction of in vivo tumor burden among animal cancer models. Several clinical trials are underway to assess the efficacy of ADXS11-001 in eliciting both immune and clinical responses against HPV-related human cervical, oropharyngeal and anal cancers.