Signaling of insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐1) at target tissues is essential for
growth, development and for normal homeostasis of glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.
Control over this process is therefore tightly regulated. It can be achieved by a negative‐
feedback control mechanism, whereby downstream components inhibit upstream elements
along the insulin and IGF‐1 signaling pathway or by signals from other pathways that inhibit
insulin/IGF‐1 signaling thus leading to insulin/IGF‐1 resistance. Phosphorylation of insulin …