TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid–induced insulin resistance
J. Clin. Invest. Hang Shi, et al. 116:3015 doi:10.1172/JCI28898 [Go to this article.]

Figure 5
Lipid infusion activates TLR4 signaling in adipose tissue in vivo. (A) Schematic diagram of lipid infusion and inflammatory signaling studies. (B) Lipid infusion increases NF-κB DNA binding in adipose tissue of WT but not TLR4^–/– mice. Mice were fasted overnight and infused with lipid (coupled with heparin) for 8 hours. EMSA was conducted to examine the NF-κB DNA binding activity. (C) Lipid infusion increases NF-κB DNA binding to the IL-6 promoter. ChIP assays were conducted to quantify NF-κB DNA binding to the IL-6 promoter. SYBR Green quantitative PCR was used to measure the immunoprecipitated DNA (n = 3; *P < 0.01). (D–F) Lipid infusion increases TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 mRNA expression in adipose tissue of WT but not TLR4^–/– mice (n = 4; *P < 0.05). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.