TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid–induced insulin resistance
J. Clin. Invest. Hang Shi, et al. 116:3015 doi:10.1172/JCI28898 [Go to this article.]

Figure 2
FFAs stimulate cytokine expression in macrophages. (A) Saturated FFAs induce IL-6 mRNA in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Cells were treated with the indicated FFAs (200 μM) for 8 hours. Saturated fatty acids include C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0. AA, arachidonic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid. (B) Palmitate stimulates TNF-α expression in a dose-dependent manner. RAW264.7 cells were treated with the indicated doses of palmitate or LPS for 8 hours. (C) The polyunsaturated fatty acid DHA blocks saturated FFA-induced TNF-α expression. RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with 200 μM DHA for 2 hours and were then treated with 200 μM of various saturated FFAs for 8 hours. Real-time RT-PCR was used to measure mRNA levels. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.