Mechanisms of sympathoadrenal failure and hypoglycemia in diabetes
J. Clin. Invest. Philip E. Cryer, et al. 116:1470 doi:10.1172/JCI28735 [Go to this article.]

Figure 1
Physiological and behavioral defenses against hypoglycemia. Decrements in insulin and increments in glucagon are lost and increments in epinephrine and neurogenic symptoms are often attenuated in insulin-deficient — T1DM and advanced T2DM — diabetes. SNS, sympathetic nervous system; PNS, parasympathetic nervous system; NE, norepinephrine; ACh, acetylcholine; α cell, pancreatic islet α cells; β cell, pancreatic islet β cells.