Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities
J. Clin. Invest. Tilo Grosser, et al. 116:4 doi:10.1172/JCI27291 [Go to this article.]

Figure 2
Expression of COX-2 mRNA in the endothelium (arrows) of human (A) and COX-2 protein in murine (B–E) arteries. (A) In situ detection of COX-2 mRNA in the endothelium of a human umbilical artery. Image kindly provided by James N. Topper, Frazier Healthcare Ventures, Palo Alto, California, USA. (B–E) Immunostaining shows COX-2 upregulation 4 weeks after left common carotid artery ligation in mice. Scale bars: 50 μm. Baseline COX-2 expression (brown staining) is evident in the intima in cross sections of the right common, unligated carotid artery, which served as a control. Magnification, ×20 (B); ×40 (C). Flow reduction induced further COX-2 expression in the intimal layer and marked endothelial expression as shown in D and E. Magnification, ×20 (D); ×40 (E). LC, left common carotid artery; RC, right common carotid artery. B–E are reproduced here with permission from Circulation Research (55).