Genetic causes of human heart failure
J. Clin. Invest. Hiroyuki Morita, et al. 115:518 doi:10.1172/JCI24351 [Go to this article.]

Figure 1
Human gene mutations can cause cardiac hypertrophy (blue), dilation (yellow), or both (green). In addition to these two patterns of remodeling, particular gene defects produce hypertrophic remodeling with glycogen accumulation (pink) or dilated remodeling with fibrofatty degeneration of the myocardium (orange). Sarcomere proteins denote β-myosin heavy chain, cardiac troponin T, cardiac troponin I, α-tropomyosin, cardiac actin, and titin. Metabolic/storage proteins denote AMP-activated protein kinase γ subunit, LAMP2, lysosomal acid α 1,4–glucosidase, and lysosomal hydrolase α-galactosidase A. Z-disc proteins denote MLP and telethonin. Dystrophin-complex proteins denote δ-sarcoglycan, β-sarcoglycan, and dystrophin. Ca²⁺ cycling proteins denote PLN and RyR2. Desmosome proteins denote plakoglobin, desmoplakin, and plakophilin-2.