Cortical spreading depression activates and upregulates MMP-9
J. Clin. Invest. Yasemin Gursoy-Ozdemir, et al. 113:1447 doi:10.1172/JCI21227 [Go to this article.]

Figure 7
CSD causes Evans blue leakage and edema within cerebral cortex. (A) Evans blue was injected 15 minutes prior to the onset of CSD. The vital dye (Evans blue) was extracted from cortical tissues at the indicated time points. There was a statistically significant difference (*, see below) between leakage into the CSD cortex and that of the sham group or the contralateral side. (B) Plasma proteins leak from cortical blood vessels after CSD. The number of vessels (>10 ∝m in diameter) in which leakage was detected on both CSD and non-CSD (contralateral) cortex are shown for six animals (P < 0.05). Confocal images show one vessel leaking Evans blue on the CSD side and a non-leaking vessel on the non-CSD side (scale bars: 100 ∝m). (C) Evans blue leakage was long lasting. When injected at 21 hours after CSD, vital dye was detected in CSD cortex 3 hours later and it was higher than that of sham cortex and the non-CSD side (n = 5; P < 0.05). (D) CSD caused a time-dependent increase in edema, as expressed by percentage water content (wet-dry/wet) brain weights. At 3, 6, and 24 hours, edema measured in piriform cortex increased on the CSD side compared with that of the non-CSD side and sham group. Asterisk denotes significant difference compared with contralateral cortex or to the sham group in A_D; P < 0.05.