Direct evidence for a β₁-adrenergic receptor–directed autoimmune attack as a cause of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
J. Clin. Invest. Roland Jahns, et al. 113:1419 doi:10.1172/JCI20149 [Go to this article.]

Figure 4
Echocardiography of rat hearts. Digitally stored representative M-mode and Doppler images demonstrating (A) nonmarked and (B) online marked M-mode tracings from the same animal, off-line measured end-diastolic and end-systolic LV diameters (LVED/LVES) from (C) an anti–β₁-EC_II-positive and (D) a corresponding control animal (immunization experiment, month 15), and on-line determination of (E) LV outflow tract diameter (LVOT; M-mode tracings) and (F) aortic VTI in a same animal (Doppler tracings).